我可以下载服务器实时 CD：
$ wget http://releases.ubuntu.com/20.04/ubuntu-20.04-live-server-amd64.iso
我可以提取其内容：
$ 7z x -aoa -o./ubuntu-20.04-live-server-amd64.iso.d ubuntu-20.04-live-server-amd64.iso
我可以看看它的initrd：
$ ls -nlah ubuntu-20.04-live-server-amd64.iso.d/casper/initrd
-rw-r--r-- 1 1000 1000 79M Apr 23 07:44 ubuntu-20.04-live-server-amd64.iso.d/casper/initrd
当我列出initrd内容时，我看到了以下内容：
$ cpio -it <ubuntu-20.04-live-server-amd64.iso.d/casper/initrd
.
kernel
kernel/x86
kernel/x86/microcode
kernel/x86/microcode/AuthenticAMD.bin
62 blocks
但是...
$ binwalk ubuntu-20.04-live-server-amd64.iso.d/casper/initrd
DECIMAL HEXADECIMAL DESCRIPTION
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0 0x0 ASCII cpio archive (SVR4 with no CRC), file name: ".", file name length: "0x00000002", file size: "0x00000000"
112 0x70 ASCII cpio archive (SVR4 with no CRC), file name: "kernel", file name length: "0x00000007", file size: "0x00000000"
232 0xE8 ASCII cpio archive (SVR4 with no CRC), file name: "kernel/x86", file name length: "0x0000000B", file size: "0x00000000"
356 0x164 ASCII cpio archive (SVR4 with no CRC), file name: "kernel/x86/microcode", file name length: "0x00000015", file size: "0x00000000"
488 0x1E8 ASCII cpio archive (SVR4 with no CRC), file name: "kernel/x86/microcode/AuthenticAMD.bin", file name length: "0x00000026", file size: "0x00007752"
31184 0x79D0 ASCII cpio archive (SVR4 with no CRC), file name: "TRAILER!!!", file name length: "0x0000000B", file size: "0x00000000"
31744 0x7C00 ASCII cpio archive (SVR4 with no CRC), file name: "kernel", file name length: "0x00000007", file size: "0x00000000"
31864 0x7C78 ASCII cpio archive (SVR4 with no CRC), file name: "kernel/x86", file name length: "0x0000000B", file size: "0x00000000"
31988 0x7CF4 ASCII cpio archive (SVR4 with no CRC), file name: "kernel/x86/microcode", file name length: "0x00000015", file size: "0x00000000"
32120 0x7D78 ASCII cpio archive (SVR4 with no CRC), file name: "kernel/x86/microcode/.enuineIntel.align.0123456789abc", file name length: "0x00000036", file size: "0x00000000"
32284 0x7E1C ASCII cpio archive (SVR4 with no CRC), file name: "kernel/x86/microcode/GenuineIntel.bin", file name length: "0x00000026", file size: "0x002D2C00"
2992816 0x2DAAB0 ASCII cpio archive (SVR4 with no CRC), file name: "TRAILER!!!", file name length: "0x0000000B", file size: "0x00000000"
3540590 0x36066E SHA256 hash constants, little endian
3733057 0x38F641 mcrypt 2.2 encrypted data, algorithm: RC2, mode: CBC, keymode: 8bit
3901283 0x3B8763 Copyright string: "Copyright (C) 2005-2007 Yura Pakhuchiy'"
3951592 0x3C4BE8 Copyright string: "Copyright (C) 1994 Ian Jackson, "
4694154 0x47A08A LZO compressed data
4694287 0x47A10F xz compressed data
4810885 0x496885 Unix path: /projects/rcs/sw/ge/./nic/fw2/common/fwmain.c,v 1.1.2.45 1999/01/24 00:10:55 shuang Exp $
5014857 0x4C8549 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/bonaire_uvd.bin
5191051 0x4F358B Certificate in DER format (x509 v3), header length: 4, sequence length: 1417
5193266 0x4F3E32 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/bonaire_vce.bin
5261800 0x5049E8 Certificate in DER format (x509 v3), header length: 4, sequence length: 1417
5305796 0x50F5C4 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/carrizo_mec2.bin
5338154 0x51742A Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/carrizo_pfp.bin
5549297 0x54ACF1 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/carrizo_vce.bin
5708331 0x571A2B Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/fiji_mec2.bin
5740703 0x57989F Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/fiji_pfp.bin
5830457 0x58F739 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/fiji_uvd.bin
6012340 0x5BBDB4 Certificate in DER format (x509 v3), header length: 4, sequence length: 1417
6014555 0x5BC65B Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/fiji_vce.bin
6121711 0x5D68EF Certificate in DER format (x509 v3), header length: 4, sequence length: 1417
6123926 0x5D7196 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/hainan_ce.bin
6555029 0x640595 Certificate in DER format (x509 v3), header length: 4, sequence length: 1417
6625777 0x6519F1 Certificate in DER format (x509 v3), header length: 4, sequence length: 1417
6627992 0x652298 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/kabini_ce.bin
6834574 0x68498E Certificate in DER format (x509 v3), header length: 4, sequence length: 1417
6905322 0x695DEA Certificate in DER format (x509 v3), header length: 4, sequence length: 1417
6907537 0x696691 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/kaveri_ce.bin
7118972 0x6CA07C Certificate in DER format (x509 v3), header length: 4, sequence length: 1417
7189735 0x6DB4E7 Certificate in DER format (x509 v3), header length: 4, sequence length: 1417
7398590 0x70E4BE Certificate in DER format (x509 v3), header length: 4, sequence length: 1417
7400805 0x70ED65 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/mullins_vce.bin
7469339 0x71F91B Certificate in DER format (x509 v3), header length: 4, sequence length: 1417
7511157 0x729C75 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/navi10_ce.bin
7517046 0x72B376 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/navi10_gpu_info.bin
7837091 0x7795A3 SHA256 hash constants, little endian
8279518 0x7E55DE Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/navi14_ce.bin
8285398 0x7E6CD6 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/navi14_ce_wks.bin
8291307 0x7E83EB Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/navi14_gpu_info.bin
8302942 0x7EB15E Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/navi14_me_wks.bin
8718323 0x8507F3 SHA256 hash constants, little endian
9124981 0x8B3C75 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/oland_ce.bin
9304850 0x8DFB12 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/picasso_mec2.bin
9425301 0x8FD195 MySQL ISAM index file Version 6
9836728 0x9618B8 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/polaris10_k_mc.binq
9921861 0x976545 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/polaris10_mc.bin
10015356 0x98D27C Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/polaris10_mec2_2.bin
10049712 0x9958B0 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/polaris10_mec_2.bin
10083955 0x99DE73 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/polaris10_pfp.bin
10181648 0x9B5C10 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/polaris10_smc_sk.bin
10246998 0x9C5B56 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/polaris10_uvd.bin
10534735 0xA0BF4F Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/polaris10_vce.bin
10643047 0xA26667 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/polaris11_ce.bin
10713933 0xA37B4D Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/polaris11_k_mc.binq
10797483 0xA4C1AB Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/polaris11_mc.bin
10891143 0xA62F87 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/polaris11_mec2_2.bin
10925438 0xA6B57E Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/polaris11_mec_2.bin
10959625 0xA73B09 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/polaris11_pfp.bin
11056472 0xA8B558 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/polaris11_smc_sk.bin
11122418 0xA9B6F2 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/polaris11_uvd.bin
11410135 0xAE1AD7 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/polaris11_vce.bin
11518447 0xAFC1EF Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/polaris12_ce.bin
11608077 0xB1200D Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/polaris12_mc.bin
11701254 0xB28C06 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/polaris12_mec2_2.bin
11735485 0xB311BD Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/polaris12_mec_2.bin
11769606 0xB39706 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/polaris12_pfp.bin
11863870 0xB5073E Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/polaris12_uvd.bin
12151553 0xB96B01 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/polaris12_vce.bin
12295682 0xBB9E02 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/raven2_ce.bin
12344659 0xBC5D53 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/raven2_mec2.bin
12460093 0xBE203D MySQL ISAM index file Version 6
12702405 0xC1D2C5 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/raven_asd.bin
12734952 0xC251E8 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/raven_ce.bin
12852953 0xC41ED9 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/raven_pfp.bin
12931578 0xC551FA MySQL ISAM index file Version 6
13206441 0xC983A9 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/renoir_ce.bin
13256074 0xCA458A Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/renoir_mec2.bin
14202067 0xD8B4D3 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/tonga_mc.bin
14290975 0xDA101F Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/tonga_pfp.bin
14383917 0xDB7B2D Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/tonga_uvd.bin
14625233 0xDF29D1 Certificate in DER format (x509 v3), header length: 4, sequence length: 1417
14627449 0xDF3279 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/tonga_vce.bin
14731051 0xE0C72B Certificate in DER format (x509 v3), header length: 4, sequence length: 1417
14733265 0xE0CFD1 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/topaz_ce.bin
14778539 0xE180AB Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/topaz_mc.bin
14830130 0xE24A32 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/topaz_pfp.bin
14998112 0xE4DA60 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/vega10_ce.bin
15047816 0xE59C88 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/vega10_mec2.bin
15801733 0xF11D85 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/vega12_ce.bin
15850976 0xF1DDE0 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/vega12_mec2.bin
16634982 0xFDD466 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/vega20_ce.bin
16684441 0xFE9599 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/vega20_mec2.bin
16921033 0x10231C9 SHA256 hash constants, little endian
17385072 0x1094670 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/vegam_ce.bin
17462195 0x10A73B3 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/vegam_pfp.bin
17553214 0x10BD73E Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/vegam_uvd.bin
17840944 0x1103B30 Unix path: /lib/firmware/amdgpu/vegam_vce.bin
17978184 0x1125348 Cisco IOS microcode, for ""
21434976 0x1471260 Unix path: /lib/firmware/i915/cnl_dmc_ver1_07.bin
21540407 0x148AE37 Unix path: /lib/firmware/i915/glk_huc_ver03_01_2893.bin
21629683 0x14A0AF3 Unix path: /lib/firmware/i915/icl_dmc_ver1_07.bin
21776259 0x14C4783 Unix path: /lib/firmware/i915/icl_huc_ver8_4_3238.bin
21939569 0x14EC571 Unix path: /lib/firmware/i915/kbl_dmc_ver1_04.bin
22041231 0x150528F Unix path: /lib/firmware/i915/kbl_huc_ver02_00_1810.bin
22127646 0x151A41E Unix path: /lib/firmware/i915/skl_dmc_ver1_27.bin
22228855 0x1532F77 Unix path: /lib/firmware/i915/skl_huc_ver01_07_1398.bin
22301039 0x154496F Unix path: /lib/firmware/i915/tgl_dmc_ver2_04.bin
22360890 0x155333A ELF, 32-bit MSB processor-specific, ("!")
22825600 0x15C4A80 Unix path: /var/tmp/13115/liquidio-linux-driver-fwsrc-80eb6bfabf10c84cca6dd66fe57b56c77608818a/octeon/se/apps/nic/cvmcs-nic-main.c
22937245 0x15DFE9D Unix path: /lib/firmware/liquidio/lio_210sv_nic.bin
23378753 0x164BB41 Unix path: /var/tmp/13115/liquidio-linux-driver-fwsrc-80eb6bfabf10c84cca6dd66fe57b56c77608818a/octeon/se/apps/nic/cvmcs-nic-main.c
23923223 0x16D0A17 Unix path: /var/tmp/13115/liquidio-linux-driver-fwsrc-80eb6bfabf10c84cca6dd66fe57b56c77608818a/octeon/se/apps/nic/cvmcs-nic-main.c
24043053 0x16EDE2D Unix path: /lib/firmware/liquidio/lio_410nv_nic.bin
24507874 0x175F5E2 Unix path: /var/tmp/13115/liquidio-linux-driver-fwsrc-80eb6bfabf10c84cca6dd66fe57b56c77608818a/octeon/se/apps/nic/cvmcs-nic-main.c
24620829 0x177AF1D xz compressed data
29383428 0x1C05B04 Unix path: /lib/firmware/nvidia/gp102/sec2/image.bin
29400353 0x1C09D21 Unix path: /lib/firmware/nvidia/gp102/sec2/sig-1.bin
29642107 0x1C44D7B Zlib compressed data, best compression
30071359 0x1CADA3F Zlib compressed data, best compression
30073563 0x1CAE2DB Zlib compressed data, best compression
30079421 0x1CAF9BD Zlib compressed data, best compression
30086689 0x1CB1621 Zlib compressed data, best compression
30089352 0x1CB2088 Zlib compressed data, best compression
30090123 0x1CB238B Zlib compressed data, best compression
30103079 0x1CB5627 Zlib compressed data, best compression
30114729 0x1CB83A9 Zlib compressed data, best compression
30215846 0x1CD0EA6 Zlib compressed data, best compression
30224397 0x1CD300D Zlib compressed data, best compression
30655050 0x1D3C24A Zlib compressed data, best compression
30657248 0x1D3CAE0 Zlib compressed data, best compression
30663089 0x1D3E1B1 Zlib compressed data, best compression
30670399 0x1D3FE3F Zlib compressed data, best compression
30673065 0x1D408A9 Zlib compressed data, best compression
30673837 0x1D40BAD Zlib compressed data, best compression
30683662 0x1D4320E Zlib compressed data, best compression
30686280 0x1D43C48 Zlib compressed data, best compression
30697961 0x1D469E9 Zlib compressed data, best compression
30798940 0x1D5F45C Zlib compressed data, best compression
30879791 0x1D7302F Zlib compressed data, default compression
31262527 0x1DD073F Zlib compressed data, default compression
32453621 0x1EF33F5 Certificate in DER format (x509 v3), header length: 4, sequence length: 1417
32689117 0x1F2CBDD Unix path: /lib/firmware/radeon/HAINAN_ce.bin
33106942 0x1F92BFE Unix path: /lib/firmware/radeon/R700_rlc.bin
33323018 0x1FC780A Unix path: /lib/firmware/radeon/RV730_me.bin
33415364 0x1FDE0C4 Unix path: /lib/firmware/radeon/SUMO2_me.bin
33577843 0x2005B73 Unix path: /lib/firmware/radeon/TAHITI_ce.bin
34105672 0x2086948 Unix path: /lib/firmware/radeon/bonaire_uvd.bin
34281866 0x20B198A Certificate in DER format (x509 v3), header length: 4, sequence length: 1417
34284081 0x20B2231 Unix path: /lib/firmware/radeon/hainan_ce.bin
34537985 0x20F0201 ASCII cpio archive (SVR4 with no CRC), file name: "x", file name length: "0xbin", file size: "0x26"
34538048 0x20F0240 Unix path: /lib/firmware/radeon/kabini_ce.bin
34882274 0x21442E2 Cisco IOS microcode, for ""
35003124 0x2161AF4 Unix path: /lib/firmware/slicoss/gbrcvucode.sys
35297591 0x21A9937 Zip archive data, encrypted at least v2.0 to extract, compressed size: 163, uncompressed size: 1024, name: T1:X3_101115_1_8_1_expROM_FW_uni_template_eeprom0.bin
35538819 0x21E4783 Zip archive data, encrypted at least v2.0 to extract, compressed size: 163, uncompressed size: 1024, name: T1A:X3_101115_1_8_1_expROM_FW_uni_template_eeprom0.bin
35718882 0x22106E2 Zip archive data, encrypted at least v2.0 to extract, compressed size: 158, uncompressed size: 1024, name: T1:X3_101025_1_8_1_expROM_FW_uni_template_eeprom0.bin
35898689 0x223C541 Zip archive data, encrypted at least v2.0 to extract, compressed size: 159, uncompressed size: 1024, name: T1A:X3_101025_1_8_1_expROM_FW_uni_template_eeprom0.bin
36099052 0x226D3EC Unix path: /arch/x86/crypto/chacha-x86_64.ko
36213571 0x2289343 SHA256 hash constants, little endian
40559292 0x26AE2BC gzip compressed data, ASCII, last modified: 2008-07-30 07:40:52
42384269 0x286BB8D gzip compressed data, ASCII, from VM/CMS, last modified: 2034-02-10 07:36:36
44330863 0x2A46F6F Unix path: /drivers/gpu/drm/sche2
44335047 0x2A47FC7 MySQL ISAM compressed data file Version 5
45809466 0x2BAFF3A Unix path: /drivers/infiniband/core/iw_cm.ko
45993126 0x2BDCCA6 Unix path: /drivers/infiniband/hw/mlx5
48263042 0x2E06F82 Unix path: /drivers/net/dsa/qca8k.ko
50956643 0x3098963 PARity archive data - file number 17742
51185983 0x30D093F Copyright string: "Copyright (c) 1999-2006 Intel Corporation.0"
51845468 0x317195C Copyright string: "Copyright (c) 2018, Intel Corporation.@"
52146079 0x31BAF9F Copyright string: "Copyright (c) 1999-2008 I"
54115009 0x339BAC1 Copyright string: "Copyright(c) 2002-2010 Exar Corp."
55930974 0x355705E Cisco IOS microcode, for "`"
56371532 0x35C294C Copyright string: "Copyright (c) 2015 FUJITSU LIMITED@"
59478771 0x38B92F3 Copyright string: "Copyright 2001-2013"
60709521 0x39E5A91 Unix path: /466/467/471/493/518/520/531/532(
63573383 0x3CA0D87 Unix path: /505V/F505/F707/F717/P8
67442020 0x4051564 Base64 standard index table
67839283 0x40B2533 Cisco IOS microcode, for ""
69103781 0x41E70A5 ELF, 64-bit LSB processor-specific, ("")
69108096 0x41E8180 Copyright string: "Copyright (C) 2009 Red Hat, Inc. All !"
70686211 0x4369603 SHA256 hash constants, little endian
72034364 0x44B283C ELF, 64-bit LSB processor-specific, ("")
72820489 0x4572709 MySQL ISAM compressed data file Version 5
73836433 0x466A791 QEMU QCOW Image
74620003 0x4729C63 SHA256 hash constants, little endian
74831951 0x475D84F Copyright string: "Copyright 2001-2019 g10 Code GmbH"
75172629 0x47B0B15 mcrypt 2.2 encrypted data, algorithm: RC2, mode: CBC, keymode: 8bit
75315969 0x47D3B01 xz compressed data
75332567 0x47D7BD7 SHA256 hash constants, little endian
75401079 0x47E8777 ELF, 64-bit LSB processor-specific,
77038967 0x4978577 Copyright string: "Copyright (C) 2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
77062150 0x497E006 ELF, 64-bit LSB processor-specific, ("d7>")
77186336 0x499C520 ELF, 64-bit LSB processor-specific,
77454257 0x49DDBB1 ELF, 64-bit LSB processor-specific, ("")
78936694 0x4B47A76 Copyright string: "Copyright 1995-2017 Jean-loup Gailly and Mark Adler "
79936758 0x4C3BCF6 Base64 standard index table
81431761 0x4DA8CD1 ELF, 64-bit LSB processor-specific, ("}7>")
82165616 0x4E5BF70 Base64 standard index table
答案1
我希望我能更好地解释这些步骤，但我通过使用当多个 cpio 档案连接在一起时如何跳过 cpio 档案
安装工具
apt-get install dracut liblz4-tool
提取文件
/usr/lib/dracut/skipcpio initrd > i1
/usr/lib/dracut/skipcpio i1 > i2
lz4cat i2 | cpio --extract --no-absolute-filenames --verbose
更新
更简单的解决方案是使用unmkinitramfs。该content目录将包含用于连接档案的 目录early和。还将适用于使用 Zstandard 压缩的较新的 initrd 映像以及使用 lz4 压缩的 initrd 映像。mainunmkinitramfs
apt-get -y install zstd
mkdir content
unmkinitramfs initrd content/
答案2
这是因为 initrd 文件中有三个不同的映像，第一个和第二个未压缩，并且引用 amd 内核和 intel 内核文件，但第三个使用 lz4 压缩，并且包含旧 initrd 文件的所有内容。我使用末尾 URL 中的页面解压所有映像，仅使用 dd、lz4cat 和 cpio -i。请阅读https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/266089/extracting-concatenated-cpio-archives