在我重启电脑后，出现了声音问题（准确地说，我先注销，然后重新登录，发现没有声音。我检查了 pavucontrol，一切似乎都很好，所以我希望重启可以解决这个问题）。
重启后，我发现 pavucontrol 不再显示任何设备，只显示“虚拟输出”。所以，基本上，我的声卡没有被 ALSA 检测到：
$ aplay -l
aplay: device_list:268: no soundcards found...
但是，硬件是可以识别的：
$ lspci | grep -i audio
00:1f.3 Audio device: Intel Corporation 100 Series/C230 Series Chipset Family HD Audio Controller (rev 31)
到目前为止我已经尝试过：
- 升级/重新安装/重启 alsa/pulseaudio 的各种方法
- 删除 ~/.config/pulse 以及类似清除缓存的方法
- 使用此链接安装最新的 alsa 驱动程序https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Audio/UpgradingAlsa/DKMS
- 声音故障排除指南的步骤 1/步骤 3https://help.ubuntu.com/community/So...otingProcedure
- 使用probe_mask（刚刚尝试了论坛里的一些建议，不知道我在这里做什么）
以下是一些可能有助于理解我的问题的信息：
!!################################
!!ALSA Information Script v 0.4.65
!!################################
!!Script ran on: Tue Jul 21 15:43:08 UTC 2020
!!Linux Distribution
!!------------------
Ubuntu 16.04.6 LTS \n \l DISTRIB_ID=Ubuntu DISTRIB_DESCRIPTION="Ubuntu 16.04.6 LTS" NAME="Ubuntu" ID=ubuntu ID_LIKE=debian PRETTY_NAME="Ubuntu 16.04.6 LTS" HOME_URL="http://www.ubuntu.com/" SUPPORT_URL="http://help.ubuntu.com/" BUG_REPORT_URL="http://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/" UBUNTU_CODENAME=xenial
!!DMI Information
!!---------------
Manufacturer: Gigabyte Technology Co., Ltd.
Product Name: Z170-HD3
Product Version: Default string
Firmware Version: F20
Board Vendor: Gigabyte Technology Co., Ltd.
Board Name: Z170-HD3-CF
!!ACPI Device Status Information
!!---------------
/sys/bus/acpi/devices/ACPI000C:00/status 15
/sys/bus/acpi/devices/INT33A1:00/status 15
/sys/bus/acpi/devices/INT340E:00/status 15
/sys/bus/acpi/devices/INT3F0D:00/status 15
/sys/bus/acpi/devices/LNXPOWER:00/status 1
/sys/bus/acpi/devices/LNXPOWER:01/status 1
/sys/bus/acpi/devices/LNXPOWER:02/status 1
/sys/bus/acpi/devices/LNXPOWER:03/status 1
/sys/bus/acpi/devices/LNXPOWER:04/status 1
/sys/bus/acpi/devices/LNXPOWER:05/status 1
/sys/bus/acpi/devices/LNXPOWER:06/status 1
/sys/bus/acpi/devices/LNXPOWER:07/status 1
/sys/bus/acpi/devices/LNXPOWER:08/status 1
/sys/bus/acpi/devices/LNXPOWER:09/status 1
/sys/bus/acpi/devices/LNXPOWER:0a/status 1
/sys/bus/acpi/devices/LNXPOWER:0b/status 1
/sys/bus/acpi/devices/LNXPOWER:0c/status 1
/sys/bus/acpi/devices/LNXPOWER:0d/status 1
/sys/bus/acpi/devices/LNXPOWER:0e/status 1
/sys/bus/acpi/devices/LNXPOWER:0f/status 1
/sys/bus/acpi/devices/LNXPOWER:10/status 1
/sys/bus/acpi/devices/LNXPOWER:11/status 1
/sys/bus/acpi/devices/LNXPOWER:12/status 1
/sys/bus/acpi/devices/LNXPOWER:13/status 1
/sys/bus/acpi/devices/LNXPOWER:14/status 1
/sys/bus/acpi/devices/LNXPOWER:15/status 1
/sys/bus/acpi/devices/LNXPOWER:16/status 1
/sys/bus/acpi/devices/PNP0103:00/status 15
/sys/bus/acpi/devices/PNP0400:00/status 15
/sys/bus/acpi/devices/PNP0501:00/status 15
/sys/bus/acpi/devices/PNP0C02:02/status 15
/sys/bus/acpi/devices/PNP0C02:04/status 3
/sys/bus/acpi/devices/PNP0C02:06/status 3
/sys/bus/acpi/devices/PNP0C04:00/status 31
/sys/bus/acpi/devices/PNP0C0C:00/status 15
/sys/bus/acpi/devices/PNP0C0E:00/status 11
/sys/bus/acpi/devices/PNP0C0F:00/status 9
/sys/bus/acpi/devices/PNP0C0F:01/status 9
/sys/bus/acpi/devices/PNP0C0F:02/status 9
/sys/bus/acpi/devices/PNP0C0F:03/status 9
/sys/bus/acpi/devices/PNP0C0F:04/status 9
/sys/bus/acpi/devices/PNP0C0F:05/status 9
/sys/bus/acpi/devices/PNP0C0F:06/status 9
/sys/bus/acpi/devices/PNP0C0F:07/status 9
/sys/bus/acpi/devices/device:69/status 15
/sys/bus/acpi/devices/device:75/status 11
!!Kernel Information
!!------------------
Kernel release: 4.4.0-151-generic
Operating System: GNU/Linux
Architecture: x86_64
Processor: x86_64
SMP Enabled: Yes
!!ALSA Version
!!------------
Driver version: k4.4.0-151-generic
Library version: 1.1.0
Utilities version: 1.1.0
!!Loaded ALSA modules
!!-------------------
!!Sound Servers on this system
!!----------------------------
Pulseaudio:
Installed - Yes (/usr/bin/pulseaudio)
Running - Yes
!!Soundcards recognised by ALSA
!!-----------------------------
--- no soundcards ---
!!PCI Soundcards installed in the system
!!--------------------------------------
00:1f.3 Audio device [0403]: Intel Corporation 100 Series/C230 Series Chipset Family HD Audio Controller [8086:a170] (rev 31)
Subsystem: Gigabyte Technology Co., Ltd Sunrise Point-H HD Audio [1458:a182]
!!Modprobe options (Sound related)
!!--------------------------------
snd_pcsp: index=-2
snd_usb_audio: index=-2
snd_atiixp_modem: index=-2
snd_intel8x0m: index=-2
snd_via82xx_modem: index=-2
snd_atiixp_modem: index=-2
snd_intel8x0m: index=-2
snd_via82xx_modem: index=-2
snd_usb_audio: index=-2
snd_usb_caiaq: index=-2
snd_usb_ua101: index=-2
snd_usb_us122l: index=-2
snd_usb_usx2y: index=-2
snd_cmipci: mpu_port=0x330 fm_port=0x388
snd_pcsp: index=-2
snd_usb_audio: index=-2
!!Loaded sound module options
!!---------------------------
!!ALSA Device nodes
!!-----------------
crw-rw----+ 1 root audio 116, 1 Jul 21 17:42 /dev/snd/seq
crw-rw----+ 1 root audio 116, 33 Jul 21 17:42 /dev/snd/timer
!!Aplay/Arecord output
!!--------------------
APLAY
aplay: device_list:268: no soundcards found...
ARECORD
arecord: device_list:268: no soundcards found...
!!Amixer output
!!-------------
!!Alsactl output
!!--------------
--startcollapse--
--endcollapse--
!!All Loaded Modules
!!------------------
8250_fintek
ablk_helper
acpi_pad
aes_x86_64
aesni_intel
ahci
aufs
autofs4
binfmt_misc
br_netfilter
bridge
coretemp
crc32_pclmul
crct10dif_pclmul
cryptd
drm
drm_kms_helper
fb_sys_fops
fjes
gf128mul
ghash_clmulni_intel
glue_helper
hid
hid_generic
i2c_algo_bit
i915_bpo
input_leds
intel_ips
intel_powerclamp
intel_rapl
ip6_tables
ip6table_filter
ip_tables
ipt_MASQUERADE
iptable_filter
iptable_nat
irqbypass
joydev
kvm
kvm_intel
libahci
llc
lp
lrw
mac_hid
mei
mei_me
mii
nf_conntrack
nf_conntrack_ipv4
nf_defrag_ipv4
nf_nat
nf_nat_ipv4
nf_nat_masquerade_ipv4
parport
parport_pc
pci_stub
ppdev
psmouse
r8169
serio_raw
shpchp
snd
snd_hda_codec
snd_hda_core
snd_hda_intel
snd_hwdep
snd_pcm
snd_rawmidi
snd_seq
snd_seq_device
snd_seq_midi
snd_seq_midi_event
snd_timer
soundcore
stp
syscopyarea
sysfillrect
sysimgblt
usbhid
vboxdrv
vboxnetadp
vboxnetflt
vboxpci
video
wmi
x86_pkg_temp_thermal
x_tables
xfrm_algo
xfrm_user
xt_addrtype
xt_conntrack
xt_tcpudp
!!ALSA/HDA dmesg
!!--------------
[ 26.400486] audit: type=1400 audit(1595342541.177:2): apparmor="STATUS" operation="profile_load" profile="unconfined" name="docker-default" pid=486 comm="apparmor_parser"
[ 27.283403] snd_hda_core: loading out-of-tree module taints kernel.
[ 27.283436] snd_hda_core: module verification failed: signature and/or required key missing - tainting kernel
[ 27.356930] snd_hda_intel 0000:00:1f.3: Probing card using HDA DKMS, version 0.1
[ 27.357038] snd_hda_intel 0000:00:1f.3: bound 0000:00:02.0 (ops i915_audio_component_bind_ops [i915_bpo])
[ 27.466500] snd_hda_intel 0000:00:1f.3: CORB reset timeout#1, CORBRP = 0
[ 27.468010] snd_hda_intel 0000:00:1f.3: no codecs found!
[ 27.674740] audit: type=1400 audit(1595342542.449:3): apparmor="STATUS" operation="profile_load" profile="unconfined" name="/sbin/dhclient" pid=548 comm="apparmor_parser"
--
[ 98.834352] aufs au_opts_verify:1597:dockerd[1557]: dirperm1 breaks the protection by the permission bits on the lower branch
[ 406.798605] snd_hda_intel 0000:00:1f.3: Probing card using HDA DKMS, version 0.1
[ 406.798730] snd_hda_intel 0000:00:1f.3: bound 0000:00:02.0 (ops i915_audio_component_bind_ops [i915_bpo])
[ 406.910012] snd_hda_intel 0000:00:1f.3: CORB reset timeout#1, CORBRP = 0
[ 406.911590] snd_hda_intel 0000:00:1f.3: no codecs found!
[ 1199.010806] snd_hda_intel 0000:00:1f.3: Probing card using HDA DKMS, version 0.1
[ 1199.010896] snd_hda_intel 0000:00:1f.3: codec_mask forced to 0xff
[ 1199.010924] snd_hda_intel 0000:00:1f.3: bound 0000:00:02.0 (ops i915_audio_component_bind_ops [i915_bpo])
[ 1199.120563] snd_hda_intel 0000:00:1f.3: CORB reset timeout#1, CORBRP = 0
[ 1199.122140] snd_hda_intel 0000:00:1f.3: no codecs found!
!!Packages installed
!!--------------------
ii alsa-oss 1.0.28-1ubuntu1 amd64 ALSA wrapper for OSS applications
ii alsa-tools 1.1.0-0ubuntu1 amd64 Console based ALSA utilities for specific hardware
ii alsa-tools-gui 1.1.0-0ubuntu1 amd64 GUI based ALSA utilities for specific hardware
ii alsa-utils 1.1.0-0ubuntu5 amd64 Utilities for configuring and using ALSA
$ lsmod | grep snd
snd_hda_intel 40960 0
snd_hda_codec 139264 1 snd_hda_intel
snd_hda_core 94208 2 snd_hda_codec,snd_hda_intel
snd_hwdep 16384 1 snd_hda_codec
snd_pcm 106496 3 snd_hda_codec,snd_hda_intel,snd_hda_core
snd_seq_midi 16384 0
snd_seq_midi_event 16384 1 snd_seq_midi
snd_rawmidi 32768 1 snd_seq_midi
snd_seq 69632 2 snd_seq_midi_event,snd_seq_midi
snd_seq_device 16384 3 snd_seq,snd_rawmidi,snd_seq_midi
snd_timer 32768 2 snd_pcm,snd_seq
snd 86016 8 snd_hwdep,snd_timer,snd_pcm,snd_seq,snd_rawmidi,snd_hda_codec,snd_hda_intel,snd_seq_device
soundcore 16384 1 snd
$ ls -l /etc/modprobe.d/
total 68K
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2.5K Jul 21 18:58 alsa-base.conf
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 154 Jul 2 2018 amd64-microcode-blacklist.conf
-rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 325 Apr 18 2013 blacklist-ath_pci.conf*
-rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 1.7K Nov 13 2018 blacklist.conf*
-rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 210 Apr 18 2013 blacklist-firewire.conf*
-rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 697 Mar 13 2016 blacklist-framebuffer.conf*
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 156 Jul 31 2015 blacklist-modem.conf
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 41 Jul 21 16:59 blacklist-oss.conf -> /lib/linux-sound-base/noOSS.modprobe.conf
-rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 583 Apr 18 2013 blacklist-rare-network.conf*
-rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 1.1K Apr 18 2013 blacklist-watchdog.conf*
-rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 127 Oct 31 2012 dkms.conf*
-rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 390 Jan 12 2017 fbdev-blacklist.conf*
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 154 Nov 10 2015 intel-microcode-blacklist.conf
-rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 347 Apr 18 2013 iwlwifi.conf*
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 16 Mar 8 2009 libpisock9.conf
-rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 104 Apr 18 2013 mlx4.conf*
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 153 Feb 15 2017 nvidia-378_hybrid.conf
-rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 30 Aug 2 2012 vmwgfx-fbdev.conf*
这部分对我来说似乎是最麻烦的：
$ dmesg | grep hda
[ 27.283403] snd_hda_core: loading out-of-tree module taints kernel.
[ 27.283436] snd_hda_core: module verification failed: signature and/or required key missing - tainting kernel
[ 27.356930] snd_hda_intel 0000:00:1f.3: Probing card using HDA DKMS, version 0.1
[ 27.357038] snd_hda_intel 0000:00:1f.3: bound 0000:00:02.0 (ops i915_audio_component_bind_ops [i915_bpo])
[ 27.466500] snd_hda_intel 0000:00:1f.3: CORB reset timeout#1, CORBRP = 0
[ 27.468010] snd_hda_intel 0000:00:1f.3: no codecs found!
[ 406.798605] snd_hda_intel 0000:00:1f.3: Probing card using HDA DKMS, version 0.1
[ 406.798730] snd_hda_intel 0000:00:1f.3: bound 0000:00:02.0 (ops i915_audio_component_bind_ops [i915_bpo])
[ 406.910012] snd_hda_intel 0000:00:1f.3: CORB reset timeout#1, CORBRP = 0
[ 406.911590] snd_hda_intel 0000:00:1f.3: no codecs found!
[ 1199.010806] snd_hda_intel 0000:00:1f.3: Probing card using HDA DKMS, version 0.1
[ 1199.010896] snd_hda_intel 0000:00:1f.3: codec_mask forced to 0xff
[ 1199.010924] snd_hda_intel 0000:00:1f.3: bound 0000:00:02.0 (ops i915_audio_component_bind_ops [i915_bpo])
[ 1199.120563] snd_hda_intel 0000:00:1f.3: CORB reset timeout#1, CORBRP = 0
[ 1199.122140] snd_hda_intel 0000:00:1f.3: no codecs found!
不确定为什么找不到编解码器。我可能忽略了一些显而易见的东西。仅仅重启就会导致这样的事情，这似乎很奇怪。我不认为我在重启之前做了任何修改，这可能会导致这样的问题。
任何建议都会有帮助。我看到已经有不少类似的帖子了，但那里提供的解决方案似乎都不起作用。提前非常感谢！