我正在 KVM VPS 上安装 Arch。几天前，我在一家 VPS 提供商处做到了这一点，并且我能够顺利启动并运行 Arch。然而，我今天尝试另一个 VPS 提供商，但遇到了一个无法解决的问题。
我通过将 ISO 映像安装为 CD ROM 来安装 Arch，启动到 Arch ISO 并进行手动安装。一切似乎都很顺利，但是当我卸载“CD Rom”并重新启动时，错误是：
错误：找不到设备“UUID=fd92f3e7-f092-48c7-9f16-d94ba3de51fb”。跳过 fsck。
安装：/new_root：找不到 UUID=fd92f3e7-f092-48c7-9f16-d94ba3de51fb。
您现在被放入紧急外壳中。
sh: 无法访问 tty: 作业控制已关闭
[rootfs ]#
我使用 GTP 和 BIOS 引导分区，如以下分区步骤所示：
gdisk /dev/sda
Number Start (sector) End (sector) Size Code Name
1 2048 4095 1024.0 KiB EF02 BIOS boot partition
2 4096 25169919 12.0 GiB 8300 Linux filesystem
3 25169920 41943006 8.0 GiB 8200 Linux swap
以下是我使用 pacstrap 的步骤：
mkfs.btrfsk /dev/sda2
mkswap /dev/sda3
swapon /dev/sda3
mount /dev/sda2 /mnt
pacstrap -i /mnt <my list of packages includes grub>
pacstrap -i /mnt base base-devel linux-lts.... btrfs-progs grub ...
genfstab -U -p /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab
这是生成的 fstab：
# /dev/sda2
UUID=fd92f3e7-f092-48c7-9f16-d94ba3de51fb / btrfs rw,relatime,space_cache,subvolid=5,subvol=/ 0 0
# /dev/sda3
UUID=b1388b5c-0bd1-444b-9b2e-d1b39537326d none swap defaults 0 0
我通常将安装选项更改为以下内容：
UUID=fd92f3e7-f092-48c7-9f16-d94ba3de51fb / btrfs rw,noatime,nodiratime,compress=lzo,space_cache,defaults,subvol=/ 0 0
（顺便说一句，两个 fstab 版本在重新启动时都会出现上面显示的相同错误。）
接下来我会执行arch-chroot /mnt，然后是正常的安装步骤...我将这些详细信息保持简短，以便我可以显示与 grub 相关的步骤，这就是我认为问题所在的地方。
在 /etc/mkinitcpio.conf 中，我添加了以下二进制文件：
BINARIES=(/usr/bin/btrfs)
然后我运行接下来的两个标准 grub 命令（显示输出）：
grub 安装 /dev/sda
Installing for i386-pc platform.
Installation finished. No error reported.
grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
Generating grub configuration file ...
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-linux-lts
Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-linux-lts.img
Found fallback initrd image(s) in /boot: initramfs-linux-lts-fallback.img
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-linux
Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-linux.img
Found fallback initrd image(s) in /boot: initramfs-linux-fallback.img
done
网络准备好等之后，我重新启动并取出CD Rom。但系统无法启动并出现上述错误。
以下是我认为可能相关的所有配置文件和输出：
root@archiso ~ # cat /mnt/boot/grub/grub.cfg
#
# DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE
#
# It is automatically generated by grub-mkconfig using templates
# from /etc/grub.d and settings from /etc/default/grub
#
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/00_header ###
insmod part_gpt
insmod part_msdos
if [ -s $prefix/grubenv ]; then
load_env
fi
if [ "${next_entry}" ] ; then
set default="${next_entry}"
set next_entry=
save_env next_entry
set boot_once=true
else
set default="0"
fi
if [ x"${feature_menuentry_id}" = xy ]; then
menuentry_id_option="--id"
else
menuentry_id_option=""
fi
export menuentry_id_option
if [ "${prev_saved_entry}" ]; then
set saved_entry="${prev_saved_entry}"
save_env saved_entry
set prev_saved_entry=
save_env prev_saved_entry
set boot_once=true
fi
function savedefault {
if [ -z "${boot_once}" ]; then
saved_entry="${chosen}"
save_env saved_entry
fi
}
function load_video {
if [ x$feature_all_video_module = xy ]; then
insmod all_video
else
insmod efi_gop
insmod efi_uga
insmod ieee1275_fb
insmod vbe
insmod vga
insmod video_bochs
insmod video_cirrus
fi
}
if [ x$feature_default_font_path = xy ] ; then
font=unicode
else
insmod part_gpt
insmod btrfs
set root='hd0,gpt2'
if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,gpt2 --hint-efi=hd0,gpt2 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,gpt2 fd92f3e7-f092-48c7-9f16-d94ba3de51fb
else
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root fd92f3e7-f092-48c7-9f16-d94ba3de51fb
fi
font="/usr/share/grub/unicode.pf2"
fi
if loadfont $font ; then
set gfxmode=auto
load_video
insmod gfxterm
set locale_dir=$prefix/locale
set lang=en_US
insmod gettext
fi
terminal_input console
terminal_output gfxterm
if [ x$feature_timeout_style = xy ] ; then
set timeout_style=menu
set timeout=5
# Fallback normal timeout code in case the timeout_style feature is
# unavailable.
else
set timeout=5
fi
### END /etc/grub.d/00_header ###
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/10_linux ###
menuentry 'Arch Linux' --class arch --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-simple-fd92f3e7-f092-48c7-9f16-d94ba3de51fb' {
load_video
set gfxpayload=keep
insmod gzio
insmod part_gpt
insmod btrfs
set root='hd0,gpt2'
if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,gpt2 --hint-efi=hd0,gpt2 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,gpt2 fd92f3e7-f092-48c7-9f16-d94ba3de51fb
else
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root fd92f3e7-f092-48c7-9f16-d94ba3de51fb
fi
echo 'Loading Linux linux-lts ...'
linux /boot/vmlinuz-linux-lts root=UUID=fd92f3e7-f092-48c7-9f16-d94ba3de51fb rw quiet
echo 'Loading initial ramdisk ...'
initrd /boot/initramfs-linux-lts.img
}
submenu 'Advanced options for Arch Linux' $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-advanced-fd92f3e7-f092-48c7-9f16-d94ba3de51fb' {
menuentry 'Arch Linux, with Linux linux-lts' --class arch --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-linux-lts-advanced-fd92f3e7-f092-48c7-9f16-d94ba3de51fb' {
load_video
set gfxpayload=keep
insmod gzio
insmod part_gpt
insmod btrfs
set root='hd0,gpt2'
if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,gpt2 --hint-efi=hd0,gpt2 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,gpt2 fd92f3e7-f092-48c7-9f16-d94ba3de51fb
else
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root fd92f3e7-f092-48c7-9f16-d94ba3de51fb
fi
echo 'Loading Linux linux-lts ...'
linux /boot/vmlinuz-linux-lts root=UUID=fd92f3e7-f092-48c7-9f16-d94ba3de51fb rw quiet
echo 'Loading initial ramdisk ...'
initrd /boot/initramfs-linux-lts.img
}
menuentry 'Arch Linux, with Linux linux-lts (fallback initramfs)' --class arch --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-linux-lts-fallback-fd92f3e7-f092-48c7-9f16-d94ba3de51fb' {
load_video
set gfxpayload=keep
insmod gzio
insmod part_gpt
insmod btrfs
set root='hd0,gpt2'
if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,gpt2 --hint-efi=hd0,gpt2 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,gpt2 fd92f3e7-f092-48c7-9f16-d94ba3de51fb
else
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root fd92f3e7-f092-48c7-9f16-d94ba3de51fb
fi
echo 'Loading Linux linux-lts ...'
linux /boot/vmlinuz-linux-lts root=UUID=fd92f3e7-f092-48c7-9f16-d94ba3de51fb rw quiet
echo 'Loading initial ramdisk ...'
initrd /boot/initramfs-linux-lts-fallback.img
}
menuentry 'Arch Linux, with Linux linux' --class arch --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-linux-advanced-fd92f3e7-f092-48c7-9f16-d94ba3de51fb' {
load_video
set gfxpayload=keep
insmod gzio
insmod part_gpt
insmod btrfs
set root='hd0,gpt2'
if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,gpt2 --hint-efi=hd0,gpt2 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,gpt2 fd92f3e7-f092-48c7-9f16-d94ba3de51fb
else
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root fd92f3e7-f092-48c7-9f16-d94ba3de51fb
fi
echo 'Loading Linux linux ...'
linux /boot/vmlinuz-linux root=UUID=fd92f3e7-f092-48c7-9f16-d94ba3de51fb rw quiet
echo 'Loading initial ramdisk ...'
initrd /boot/initramfs-linux.img
}
menuentry 'Arch Linux, with Linux linux (fallback initramfs)' --class arch --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-linux-fallback-fd92f3e7-f092-48c7-9f16-d94ba3de51fb' {
load_video
set gfxpayload=keep
insmod gzio
insmod part_gpt
insmod btrfs
set root='hd0,gpt2'
if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,gpt2 --hint-efi=hd0,gpt2 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,gpt2 fd92f3e7-f092-48c7-9f16-d94ba3de51fb
else
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root fd92f3e7-f092-48c7-9f16-d94ba3de51fb
fi
echo 'Loading Linux linux ...'
linux /boot/vmlinuz-linux root=UUID=fd92f3e7-f092-48c7-9f16-d94ba3de51fb rw quiet
echo 'Loading initial ramdisk ...'
initrd /boot/initramfs-linux-fallback.img
}
}
### END /etc/grub.d/10_linux ###
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/20_linux_xen ###
### END /etc/grub.d/20_linux_xen ###
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ###
### END /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ###
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/40_custom ###
# This file provides an easy way to add custom menu entries. Simply type the
# menu entries you want to add after this comment. Be careful not to change
# the 'exec tail' line above.
### END /etc/grub.d/40_custom ###
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/41_custom ###
if [ -f ${config_directory}/custom.cfg ]; then
source ${config_directory}/custom.cfg
elif [ -z "${config_directory}" -a -f $prefix/custom.cfg ]; then
source $prefix/custom.cfg;
fi
### END /etc/grub.d/41_custom ###
[root@archiso /]# cat /etc/default/grub
# GRUB boot loader configuration
GRUB_DEFAULT=0
GRUB_TIMEOUT=5
GRUB_DISTRIBUTOR="Arch"
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet"
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=""
# Preload both GPT and MBR modules so that they are not missed
GRUB_PRELOAD_MODULES="part_gpt part_msdos"
# Uncomment to enable booting from LUKS encrypted devices
#GRUB_ENABLE_CRYPTODISK=y
# Uncomment to enable Hidden Menu, and optionally hide the timeout count
#GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT=5
#GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT_QUIET=true
# Uncomment to use basic console
GRUB_TERMINAL_INPUT=console
# Uncomment to disable graphical terminal
#GRUB_TERMINAL_OUTPUT=console
# The resolution used on graphical terminal
# note that you can use only modes which your graphic card supports via VBE
# you can see them in real GRUB with the command `vbeinfo'
GRUB_GFXMODE=auto
# Uncomment to allow the kernel use the same resolution used by grub
GRUB_GFXPAYLOAD_LINUX=keep
# Uncomment if you want GRUB to pass to the Linux kernel the old parameter
# format "root=/dev/xxx" instead of "root=/dev/disk/by-uuid/xxx"
#GRUB_DISABLE_LINUX_UUID=true
# Uncomment to disable generation of recovery mode menu entries
GRUB_DISABLE_RECOVERY=true
# Uncomment and set to the desired menu colors. Used by normal and wallpaper
# modes only. Entries specified as foreground/background.
#GRUB_COLOR_NORMAL="light-blue/black"
#GRUB_COLOR_HIGHLIGHT="light-cyan/blue"
# Uncomment one of them for the gfx desired, a image background or a gfxtheme
#GRUB_BACKGROUND="/path/to/wallpaper"
#GRUB_THEME="/path/to/gfxtheme"
# Uncomment to get a beep at GRUB start
#GRUB_INIT_TUNE="480 440 1"
# Uncomment to make GRUB remember the last selection. This requires to
# set 'GRUB_DEFAULT=saved' above.
#GRUB_SAVEDEFAULT="true"
[root@archiso /]# blkid
/dev/sr0: UUID="2017-04-01-11-29-57-00" LABEL="ARCH_201704" TYPE="iso9660" PTUUID="48d46635" PTTYPE="dos"
/dev/sda1: PARTLABEL="BIOS boot partition" PARTUUID="0102316e-d6ba-4896-b184-7d93bbd8fd1b"
/dev/sda2: LABEL="top_level" UUID="fd92f3e7-f092-48c7-9f16-d94ba3de51fb" UUID_SUB="9c7e449b-26f5-43d0-88a0-f7d01479cf82" TYPE="btrfs" PARTLABEL="Linux filesystem" PARTUUID="2758217d-bf0b-4036-aea0-26b68ae733f5"
/dev/sda3: UUID="b1388b5c-0bd1-444b-9b2e-d1b39537326d" TYPE="swap" PARTLABEL="Linux swap" PARTUUID="c48910f1-2483-4228-a0f4-952b2e9f101a"
/dev/loop0: TYPE="squashfs"
root@archiso ~ # lsblk -f
NAME FSTYPE LABEL UUID MOUNTPOINT
loop0 squashfs /run/archiso/sfs/airootfs
sda
├─sda1
├─sda2 btrfs top_level fd92f3e7-f092-48c7-9f16-d94ba3de51fb /mnt
└─sda3 swap b1388b5c-0bd1-444b-9b2e-d1b39537326d [SWAP]
sr0 iso9660 ARCH_201704 2017-04-01-11-29-57-00 /run/archiso/bootmnt
更新1：由于我没有更好的想法可以尝试，因此/etc/default/grub我启用了此选项：
GRUB_DISABLE_LINUX_UUID=true
我重新生成了 grub.cfg：
grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
更改后，当我启动 VPS 时，出现类似的错误：
错误：找不到设备“/dev/sda2”。跳过 fsck。
:: 在真实根挂载 /new_root 上挂载“/dev/sda2”
：未指定文件系统类型
这是否提供了我所缺少的线索？
答案1
您好，此时您肯定已经意识到自己的错误，但对于犯同样错误的其他人来说，这里是根本问题和解决方案。
OP 您设置了 3 个分区，但无法挂载/dev/sda1到该/boot文件夹。如果其他人犯了这个错误，只需添加丢失的分区并再次重新运行必要的命令即可。
mount /dev/sda2 /mnt
mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/boot
genfstab -U -p /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab
arch-chroot /mnt
grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
退出、卸载并重新启动。
我希望这是直接且有帮助的。最好的后卫。