我是 Debian 的新手，希望有人能帮助我解决我的问题：
我最近在我的 Dell G3 15 3590 上安装了 Debian 10。我尝试下载 NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1660 Ti 显卡所需的所有固件。
下载、更新和升级后，随着新固件的出现（令我惊讶的是），操作系统也升级到了 Debian 11。
我花了很多时间下载和配置所有东西，就在我启动 Steam 游戏测试新显卡固件时，我注意到没有声音。当我调高或调低声音时，我看到音量显示也显示“虚拟输出”消息。
我尝试寻找解决方案，但找不到任何有效的方法。我将使用在此链接中找到的一些信息来提供信息。https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/468071/no-sound-dummy-output-on-debian-9-fresh-install
希望有人能帮我摆脱困境。干杯
~$ aplay -l
**** List of PLAYBACK Hardware Devices ****
card 0: NVidia [HDA NVidia], device 3: HDMI 0 [HDMI 0]
Subdevices: 1/1
Subdevice #0: subdevice #0
card 0: NVidia [HDA NVidia], device 7: HDMI 1 [HDMI 1]
Subdevices: 1/1
Subdevice #0: subdevice #0
card 0: NVidia [HDA NVidia], device 8: HDMI 2 [HDMI 2]
Subdevices: 1/1
Subdevice #0: subdevice #0
card 0: NVidia [HDA NVidia], device 9: HDMI 3 [HDMI 3]
Subdevices: 1/1
Subdevice #0: subdevice #0
~$ pacmd list-cards
1 card(s) available.
index: 0
name: <alsa_card.pci-0000_01_00.1>
driver: <module-alsa-card.c>
owner module: 6
properties:
alsa.card = "0"
alsa.card_name = "HDA NVidia"
alsa.long_card_name = "HDA NVidia at 0xa30d0000 irq 17"
alsa.driver_name = "snd_hda_intel"
device.bus_path = "pci-0000:01:00.1"
sysfs.path = "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:01.0/0000:01:00.1/sound/card0"
device.bus = "pci"
device.vendor.id = "10de"
device.vendor.name = "NVIDIA Corporation"
device.product.id = "1aeb"
device.product.name = "TU116 High Definition Audio Controller"
device.string = "0"
device.description = "TU116 High Definition Audio Controller"
module-udev-detect.discovered = "1"
device.icon_name = "audio-card-pci"
profiles:
output:hdmi-stereo: Digital Stereo (HDMI) Output (priority 5900, available: no)
output:hdmi-surround: Digital Surround 5.1 (HDMI) Output (priority 800, available: no)
output:hdmi-surround71: Digital Surround 7.1 (HDMI) Output (priority 800, available: no)
output:hdmi-stereo-extra1: Digital Stereo (HDMI 2) Output (priority 5700, available: no)
output:hdmi-surround-extra1: Digital Surround 5.1 (HDMI 2) Output (priority 600, available: no)
output:hdmi-surround71-extra1: Digital Surround 7.1 (HDMI 2) Output (priority 600, available: no)
output:hdmi-stereo-extra2: Digital Stereo (HDMI 3) Output (priority 5700, available: no)
output:hdmi-surround-extra2: Digital Surround 5.1 (HDMI 3) Output (priority 600, available: no)
output:hdmi-surround71-extra2: Digital Surround 7.1 (HDMI 3) Output (priority 600, available: no)
output:hdmi-stereo-extra3: Digital Stereo (HDMI 4) Output (priority 5700, available: no)
output:hdmi-surround-extra3: Digital Surround 5.1 (HDMI 4) Output (priority 600, available: no)
output:hdmi-surround71-extra3: Digital Surround 7.1 (HDMI 4) Output (priority 600, available: no)
off: Off (priority 0, available: unknown)
active profile: <off>
ports:
hdmi-output-0: HDMI / DisplayPort (priority 5900, latency offset 0 usec, available: no)
properties:
device.icon_name = "video-display"
hdmi-output-1: HDMI / DisplayPort 2 (priority 5800, latency offset 0 usec, available: no)
properties:
device.icon_name = "video-display"
hdmi-output-2: HDMI / DisplayPort 3 (priority 5700, latency offset 0 usec, available: no)
properties:
device.icon_name = "video-display"
hdmi-output-3: HDMI / DisplayPort 4 (priority 5600, latency offset 0 usec, available: no)
properties:
device.icon_name = "video-display"
~$ lspci -nnk | grep -A1 Audio
01:00.1 Audio device [0403]: NVIDIA Corporation TU116 High Definition Audio Controller [10de:1aeb] (rev a1)
Subsystem: Dell TU116 High Definition Audio Controller [1028:0949]
Kernel driver in use: snd_hda_intel
~$ lsmod | grep snd
snd_soc_dmic 16384 0
snd_hda_codec_realtek 151552 0
snd_hda_codec_generic 98304 1 snd_hda_codec_realtek
snd_sof_pci 24576 0
snd_sof_intel_byt 24576 1 snd_sof_pci
snd_sof_intel_ipc 20480 1 snd_sof_intel_byt
snd_sof_intel_hda_common 102400 1 snd_sof_pci
snd_sof_xtensa_dsp 16384 2 snd_sof_intel_hda_common,snd_sof_intel_byt
snd_sof 139264 4 snd_sof_pci,snd_sof_intel_hda_common,snd_sof_intel_byt,snd_sof_intel_ipc
snd_sof_intel_hda 20480 1 snd_sof_intel_hda_common
snd_soc_skl 180224 0
snd_soc_hdac_hda 24576 2 snd_sof_intel_hda_common,snd_soc_skl
snd_hda_ext_core 36864 4 snd_sof_intel_hda_common,snd_soc_hdac_hda,snd_soc_skl,snd_sof_intel_hda
snd_soc_sst_ipc 20480 1 snd_soc_skl
snd_soc_sst_dsp 36864 1 snd_soc_skl
snd_soc_acpi_intel_match 45056 3 snd_sof_pci,snd_sof_intel_hda_common,snd_soc_skl
ledtrig_audio 16384 3 snd_hda_codec_generic,snd_sof,dell_laptop
snd_hda_codec_hdmi 73728 1
snd_soc_acpi 16384 4 snd_soc_acpi_intel_match,snd_sof_intel_hda_common,snd_sof_intel_byt,snd_soc_skl
snd_hda_intel 57344 1
snd_intel_dspcfg 28672 4 snd_hda_intel,snd_sof_pci,snd_sof_intel_hda_common,snd_soc_skl
soundwire_intel 45056 2 snd_sof_intel_hda_common,snd_intel_dspcfg
snd_soc_core 315392 6 soundwire_intel,snd_sof,snd_sof_intel_hda_common,snd_soc_hdac_hda,snd_soc_skl,snd_soc_dmic
snd_compress 32768 1 snd_soc_core
snd_hda_codec 172032 5 snd_hda_codec_generic,snd_hda_codec_hdmi,snd_hda_intel,snd_hda_codec_realtek,snd_soc_hdac_hda
snd_hda_core 110592 10 snd_hda_codec_generic,snd_hda_codec_hdmi,snd_hda_intel,snd_hda_ext_core,snd_hda_codec,snd_hda_codec_realtek,snd_sof_intel_hda_common,snd_soc_hdac_hda,snd_soc_skl,snd_sof_intel_hda
snd_hwdep 16384 1 snd_hda_codec
snd_pcm 135168 10 snd_hda_codec_hdmi,snd_hda_intel,snd_hda_codec,soundwire_intel,snd_sof,snd_sof_intel_hda_common,snd_compress,snd_soc_core,snd_soc_skl,snd_hda_core
snd_timer 49152 1 snd_pcm
snd 110592 12 snd_hda_codec_generic,snd_hda_codec_hdmi,snd_hwdep,snd_hda_intel,snd_hda_codec,snd_hda_codec_realtek,snd_timer,snd_compress,snd_soc_core,snd_pcm
soundcore 16384 1 snd
~$ groups yo
yo : yo cdrom floppy audio dip video plugdev netdev bluetooth lpadmin scanner