大约一年前，我在 Ubuntu 上使用 TeXLive 2009 和 XeLaTeX 创建了一个 beamer 演示文稿（因为我想使用系统字体）。同时我升级到了 TeXLive 2011。昨天我尝试在演示文稿上运行 XeLaTeX，结果出现了几个错误。我把范围缩小到第一个与简单列表连接的错误（！？）。也就是说，以下 MWE 编译成功：
\documentclass[xetex]{beamer}
\usepackage{mathspec}
\usepackage{fontspec}
\usepackage{xunicode}
\usepackage{xltxtra}
\begin{document}
\begin{frame} \frametitle{First Slide}
This is a list:
%\begin{itemize}
%\item First item in a list
%\item First item in a list
%\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\end{document}
取消注释注释行（即添加列表），不会生成任何 pdf 文件。日志文件中的最后几行报告以下错误：
Error 256 (driver return code) generating output;
file test.pdf may not be valid.
我尝试用谷歌搜索这个错误信息，但什么也没找到。不过，我尝试在另一台装有 Linux Mint 和 TeXlive 2009 的机器上编译同一个文件，结果编译成功！TeXLive 2011 似乎发生了一些变化（错误！？），导致 Beamer+XeLaTeX 出现问题，而这些问题远远超出了我的能力范围。也许你们中的一些人可以提供帮助。
附言：还存在其他问题，例如找不到 TFM 或 cfg 文件，这些问题在之前的 TeXLive 2009 中没有出现过。
编辑： 这是由 \listfiles 生成的文件列表：
*File List*
beamer.cls 2011/09/12 development version 3.12 A class for typesetting pre
sentations (rcs-revision 70f9d8411e54)
beamerbasercs.sty 2011/09/21 (rcs-revision 42a2c9debdc3)
beamerbasemodes.sty 2010/05/01 (rcs-revision efa082c6111d)
beamerbasedecode.sty 2010/05/01 (rcs-revision efa082c6111d)
ifpdf.sty 2011/01/30 v2.3 Provides the ifpdf switch (HO)
beamerbaseoptions.sty 2010/04/27 (rcs-revision 982469101dd6)
keyval.sty 1999/03/16 v1.13 key=value parser (DPC)
geometry.sty 2010/09/12 v5.6 Page Geometry
ifvtex.sty 2010/03/01 v1.5 Switches for detecting VTeX and its modes (HO)
ifxetex.sty 2010/09/12 v0.6 Provides ifxetex conditional
size11.clo 2007/10/19 v1.4h Standard LaTeX file (size option)
pgfcore.sty 2010/04/11 v2.10 (rcs-revision 1.7)
graphicx.sty 1999/02/16 v1.0f Enhanced LaTeX Graphics (DPC,SPQR)
graphics.sty 2009/02/05 v1.0o Standard LaTeX Graphics (DPC,SPQR)
trig.sty 1999/03/16 v1.09 sin cos tan (DPC)
graphics.cfg 2010/04/23 v1.9 graphics configuration of TeX Live
xetex.def 2009/11/22 v0.94 LaTeX color/graphics driver for XeTeX (RRM/JK)
pgfsys.sty 2010/06/30 v2.10 (rcs-revision 1.37)
pgfrcs.sty 2010/10/25 v2.10 (rcs-revision 1.24)
everyshi.sty 2001/05/15 v3.00 EveryShipout Package (MS)
pgfrcs.code.tex
pgfsys.code.tex
pgfsyssoftpath.code.tex 2008/07/18 (rcs-revision 1.7)
pgfsysprotocol.code.tex 2006/10/16 (rcs-revision 1.4)
xcolor.sty 2007/01/21 v2.11 LaTeX color extensions (UK)
color.cfg 2007/01/18 v1.5 color configuration of teTeX/TeXLive
pgfcore.code.tex
xxcolor.sty 2003/10/24 ver 0.1
hyperref.sty 2011/10/01 v6.82j Hypertext links for LaTeX
hobsub-hyperref.sty 2011/04/23 v1.4 Bundle oberdiek, subset hyperref (HO)
hobsub-generic.sty 2011/04/23 v1.4 Bundle oberdiek, subset generic (HO)
hobsub.sty 2011/04/23 v1.4 Subsetting bundle oberdiek (HO)
infwarerr.sty 2010/04/08 v1.3 Providing info/warning/message (HO)
ltxcmds.sty 2011/04/18 v1.20 LaTeX kernel commands for general use (HO)
ifluatex.sty 2010/03/01 v1.3 Provides the ifluatex switch (HO)
intcalc.sty 2007/09/27 v1.1 Expandable integer calculations (HO)
etexcmds.sty 2011/02/16 v1.5 Prefix for e-TeX command names (HO)
kvsetkeys.sty 2011/04/07 v1.13 Key value parser (HO)
kvdefinekeys.sty 2011/04/07 v1.3 Defining keys (HO)
pdftexcmds.sty 2011/04/22 v0.16 Utilities of pdfTeX for LuaTeX (HO)
pdfescape.sty 2011/04/04 v1.12 Provides string conversions (HO)
bigintcalc.sty 2011/01/30 v1.2 Expandable big integer calculations (HO)
bitset.sty 2011/01/30 v1.1 Data type bit set (HO)
uniquecounter.sty 2011/01/30 v1.2 Provides unlimited unique counter (HO)
letltxmacro.sty 2010/09/02 v1.4 Let assignment for LaTeX macros (HO)
hopatch.sty 2011/01/30 v1.0 Wrapper for package hooks (HO)
xcolor-patch.sty 2011/01/30 xcolor patch
atveryend.sty 2011/04/23 v1.7 Hooks at very end of document (HO)
atbegshi.sty 2011/01/30 v1.15 At begin shipout hook (HO)
refcount.sty 2010/12/01 v3.2 Data extraction from references (HO)
hycolor.sty 2011/01/30 v1.7 Color options of hyperref/bookmark (HO)
kvoptions.sty 2010/12/23 v3.10 Keyval support for LaTeX options (HO)
pd1enc.def 2011/10/01 v6.82j Hyperref: PDFDocEncoding definition (HO)
hyperref.cfg 2008/07/11 v1.2 hyperref configuration for XeLaTeX
url.sty 2006/04/12 ver 3.3 Verb mode for urls, etc.
hxetex.def 2011/10/01 v6.82j Hyperref driver for XeTeX
puenc.def 2011/10/01 v6.82j Hyperref: PDF Unicode definition (HO)
stringenc.sty 2010/03/01 v1.8 Converts strings between encodings (HO)
rerunfilecheck.sty 2011/04/15 v1.7 Rerun checks for auxiliary files (HO)
se-ascii-print.def 2010/03/01 v1.8 stringenc: Printable ASCII characters
beamerbaserequires.sty 2010/05/01 (rcs-revision efa082c6111d)
beamerbasecompatibility.sty 2010/07/12 (rcs-revision 6648c3177e4e)
beamerbasefont.sty 2010/10/26 (rcs-revision f39336aafb3c)
amssymb.sty 2009/06/22 v3.00
amsfonts.sty 2009/06/22 v3.00 Basic AMSFonts support
beamerbasetranslator.sty 2010/06/11 (rcs-revision 85fd1cc7fc42)
translator.sty 2010/06/12 ver 1.10
translator-language-mappings.tex
beamerbasemisc.sty 2010/06/06 (rcs-revision bff0a9294b45)
beamerbasetwoscreens.sty 2010/05/01 (rcs-revision efa082c6111d)
beamerbaseoverlay.sty 2011/09/12 (rcs-revision 70f9d8411e54)
beamerbasetitle.sty 2010/09/21 (rcs-revision f0446ed0b6ae)
beamerbasesection.sty 2010/08/29 (rcs-revision e07e85b4cd4a)
beamerbaseframe.sty 2011/09/12 (rcs-revision 70f9d8411e54)
beamerbaseverbatim.sty 2011/09/12 (rcs-revision 70f9d8411e54)
beamerbaseframesize.sty 2011/09/12 (rcs-revision 70f9d8411e54)
beamerbaseframecomponents.sty 2011/09/12 (rcs-revision 70f9d8411e54)
beamerbasecolor.sty 2010/06/06 (rcs-revision d1a9b48be06d)
beamerbasenotes.sty 2010/05/01 (rcs-revision efa082c6111d)
beamerbasetoc.sty 2010/06/11 (rcs-revision 242ecaa6783b)
beamerbasetemplates.sty 2010/05/01 (rcs-revision efa082c6111d)
beamerbaseauxtemplates.sty 2010/05/01 (rcs-revision efa082c6111d)
beamerbaseboxes.sty 2010/05/01 (rcs-revision efa082c6111d)
beamerbaselocalstructure.sty 2010/09/19 (rcs-revision 9224c5f3ce70)
enumerate.sty 1999/03/05 v3.00 enumerate extensions (DPC)
beamerbasenavigation.sty 2010/05/01 (rcs-revision efa082c6111d)
beamerbasetheorems.sty 2010/06/06 (rcs-revision 7e7cc5e53e9d)
amsmath.sty 2000/07/18 v2.13 AMS math features
amstext.sty 2000/06/29 v2.01
amsgen.sty 1999/11/30 v2.0
amsbsy.sty 1999/11/29 v1.2d
amsopn.sty 1999/12/14 v2.01 operator names
amsthm.sty 2009/07/02 v2.20.1
beamerbasethemes.sty 2010/05/01 (rcs-revision efa082c6111d)
beamerthemedefault.sty 2010/06/17 (rcs-revision d02a7cf4d8ae)
beamerfontthemedefault.sty 2010/06/17 (rcs-revision d02a7cf4d8ae)
beamercolorthemedefault.sty 2010/06/17 (rcs-revision d02a7cf4d8ae)
beamerinnerthemedefault.sty 2010/06/17 (rcs-revision d02a7cf4d8ae)
beamerouterthemedefault.sty 2010/06/17 (rcs-revision d02a7cf4d8ae)
mathspec.sty 2009/09/30 v0.2 LaTeX Package (Mathematics font selection for X
eLaTeX)
etoolbox.sty 2011/01/03 v2.1 e-TeX tools for LaTeX
etex.sty 1998/03/26 v2.0 eTeX basic definition package (PEB)
fontspec.sty 2011/09/18 v2.2a Advanced font selection for XeLaTeX/LuaLaTeX
expl3.sty 2011/10/09 v2900 L3 Experimental code bundle wrapper
l3names.sty 2011/10/09 v2896 L3 Experimental namespace for primitives
l3bootstrap.sty 2011/09/10 v2798 L3 Experimental bootstrap code
calc.sty 2007/08/22 v4.3 Infix arithmetic (KKT,FJ)
l3basics.sty 2011/10/09 v2896 L3 Experimental basic definitions
l3expan.sty 2011/10/09 v2896 L3 Experimental argument expansion
l3tl.sty 2011/09/16 v2831 L3 Experimental token lists
l3seq.sty 2011/10/09 v2896 L3 Experimental sequences and stacks
l3int.sty 2011/10/09 v2896 L3 Experimental integers
l3quark.sty 2011/10/09 v2896 L3 Experimental quarks
l3prg.sty 2011/10/09 v2896 L3 Experimental control structures
l3clist.sty 2011/10/09 v2896 L3 Experimental comma separated lists
l3token.sty 2011/10/09 v2896 L3 Experimental token manipulation
l3prop.sty 2011/09/17 v2839 L3 Experimental property lists
l3msg.sty 2011/10/09 v2896 L3 Experimental messages
l3io.sty 2011/10/09 v2896 L3 Experimental input-output operations
l3file.sty 2011/10/09 v2896 L3 Experimental file operations
l3skip.sty 2011/10/09 v2896 L3 Experimental dimensions and skips
l3keys.sty 2011/09/10 v2800 L3 Experimental key-value interfaces
l3fp.sty 2011/09/26 v2857 L3 Experimental floating-point operations
l3box.sty 2011/10/09 v2896 L3 Experimental boxes
l3coffins.sty 2011/09/12 v2814 L3 Experimental coffin code layer
l3color.sty 2011/09/07 v2776 L3 Experimental colour support
l3luatex.sty 2011/09/10 v2798 L3 Experimental LuaTeX-specific functions
xparse.sty 2011/10/09 v2900 L3 Experimental document command parser
fontspec-patches.sty 2011/09/18 v2.2a Advanced font selection for XeLaTeX/Lu
aLaTeX
fixltx2e.sty 2006/09/13 v1.1m fixes to LaTeX
fontspec-xetex.sty 2011/09/18 v2.2a Advanced font selection for XeLaTeX/LuaL
aTeX
fontenc.sty
eu1enc.def 2010/05/27 v0.1h Experimental Unicode font encodings
eu1lmr.fd 2009/10/30 v1.6 Font defs for Latin Modern
xunicode.sty 2011/09/09 v0.981 provides access to latin accents and many oth
er characters in Unicode lower plane
eu1lmss.fd 2009/10/30 v1.6 Font defs for Latin Modern
fontspec.cfg
xkeyval.sty 2008/08/13 v2.6a package option processing (HA)
xkeyval.tex 2008/08/13 v2.6a key=value parser (HA)
xltxtra.sty 2010/09/20 v0.5e Improvements for the "XeLaTeX" format
realscripts.sty 2010/09/30 v0.3 Access OpenType subscripts and superscripts
metalogo.sty 2010/05/29 v0.12 Extended TeX logo macros
t3cmr.fd 2001/12/31 TIPA font definitions
nameref.sty 2010/04/30 v2.40 Cross-referencing by name of section
gettitlestring.sty 2010/12/03 v1.4 Cleanup title references (HO)
translator-basic-dictionary-English.dict
translator-bibliography-dictionary-English.dict
translator-environment-dictionary-English.dict
translator-months-dictionary-English.dict
translator-numbers-dictionary-English.dict
translator-theorem-dictionary-English.dict
umsa.fd 2009/06/22 v3.00 AMS symbols A
umsb.fd 2009/06/22 v3.00 AMS symbols B
***********
Package atveryend Info: Empty hook `AtEndAfterFileList' on input line 22.
答案1
显然，XeTeX 没有找到字体。如果您提到缺少 tfm 的错误的确切措辞（错误总是很重要！），那会更容易，但我猜您缺少 amsfonts。如果是，以下也应该给出错误pdflatex：
\documentclass{beamer}
\begin{document}
\begin{frame} \frametitle{First Slide}
This is a list:
\begin{itemize}
\item First item in a list
\item First item in a list
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\end{document}