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如何使用 TikZ 绘制给出焦点和固定差分距离的双曲线

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如何使用 TikZ 绘制给出焦点和固定差分距离的双曲线

给定双曲线的两个焦点坐标$(x_1,y_1)$和$(x_2,y_2)$固定的差距离，如何使用 TikZ 绘制它？

这里做一个简短的解释：

在此处输入图片描述 在此处输入图片描述

答案1

为了获得双曲线，您可以绘制标准双曲线：x -> 1/x在适当的基部，以双曲线的中心为中心，在渐近线处有向量。

pics以下是使用TiKz 3.0 中引入的解决方案：

% definition of pic{hyperbola}
\tikzset{
  pics/hyperbola/.style args={(#1)-<#2>-(#3)[#4]}{
    code = { %
      \draw [ samples=100, domain={{1/#4}:{#4}}, % the "size" of the hyperbola 
              shift=($(#1)!.5!(#3)$), % the center of the hyperbola
              x=($(#1)!.25!atan(#2):(#3) - (#1)$), % the first vector of the new base
              y=($(#1)!.25!-atan(#2):(#3) - (#1)$), % the second vector of the new base
              pic actions % transfer pic's styles
            ]
      plot (\x,1/\x) plot (-\x,-1/\x);
    }
  }
}

% example of use
\begin{tikzpicture}
  \draw[help lines] (-4,-3) grid (4,4);
  % the focal points
  \fill (35:2) coordinate (F1) circle(1pt) node[above]{$F_1$};
  \fill (0:-1) coordinate (F2) circle(1pt) node[below]{$F_2$};
  % the center of the hyperbola
  \fill ($(F1)!.5!(F2)$) circle(1pt) node[fill=white, above left]{$\frac{F_1+F_2}2$};
  % the hyperbola with b/a=.7 and "domain" [1/5:5]
  \path (0,0) pic[thick, red]{hyperbola={(F1)-<.7>-(F2)[5]}};
\end{tikzpicture}

在此处输入图片描述

要绘制焦点为 (F1) 和 (F2) 、比率为 b/a 、大小为 s 的双曲线，现在可以简单地执行以下操作：

\path (0,0) pic[thick, red]{hyperbola={(F1)-<b/a>-(F2)[s]}};

答案2

其实有一个（或多或少）简单的方法可以做到这一点。你只需对以原点为中心的双曲线进行标准参数化，然后旋转并移动它，使焦点位于所需的位置。

双曲线的参数化

唯一的问题是，在 PGFplots 坐标上应用仿射变换不是内置的，但幸运的是，这个问题如何在 pgfplots 中进行仿射坐标变换？给出了一个很好的解决方案，我已经对其进行了调整，采用角度而不是基向量。

shift您甚至可以使用 TikZ 提供的和键在双曲线上绘制 TikZ 装饰，就好像它以原点为中心一样rotate around。如果您想知道：这些不适用于转换\addplot坐标；相反，它们在绘图上使用时会弄乱一切。

带注释的双曲线

代码本身非常简单且带有注释，因此应该很容易理解。:-)

\documentclass[tikz,margin=3pt]{standalone}
\usepackage{pgfplots}

\pgfplotsset{
   % 3 Parameters: angle, xshift, yshift
  rotate shift/.style n args={3}{
    filter point/.code = {
      \pgfkeysgetvalue{/data point/x}\X
      \pgfkeysgetvalue{/data point/y}\Y
      \pgfmathparse{cos(#1)*\X - sin(#1)*\Y + #2}
      \pgfkeyslet{/data point/x}\pgfmathresult
      \pgfmathparse{sin(#1)*\X + cos(#1)*\Y + #3}
      \pgfkeyslet{/data point/y}\pgfmathresult
    }
  }
}

% Given: The two foci A and B
\def\Ax{-2}\def\Ay{1}
\def\Bx{3}\def\By{4}
% Given: a = half the distance difference
\def\a{2}

% Calculate half the focus distance c
\pgfmathsetmacro{\c}{sqrt((\Ax-\Bx)^2 + (\Ay-\By)^2)/2}
\pgfmathsetmacro{\b}{sqrt(\c^2-\a^2)}

% Calculate the rotation angle
\pgfmathsetmacro{\rotation}{atan2(\By-\Ay, \Bx-\Ax)}

% Calculate offset from origin to center between hyperbolas
\pgfmathsetmacro{\offsetX}{(\Ax+\Bx)/2}
\pgfmathsetmacro{\offsetY}{(\Ay+\By)/2}

\begin{document}
%\rotation
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{axis}[
    axis equal,
    axis lines=center,
]

% Draw the hyperbolas using the PGFplots rotate and shift key defined above.
% Everything is drawn as if the hyperbola were centered around (0,0)
\begin{scope}[/pgfplots/rotate shift={\rotation}{\offsetX}{\offsetY}]
    \addplot[domain=-2:2] ({\a*cosh(x)}, {\b*sinh(x)});
    \addplot[domain=-2:2] ({-\a*cosh(x)}, {\b*sinh(x)});
    \addplot[only marks, mark=+] coordinates {(-\c,0) (\c,0)};
\end{scope}

% Draw some annotations using the TikZ rotate and shift keys.
% Everything is drawn as if the hyperbola were centered around (0,0)
\begin{scope}[shift={(axis direction cs:\offsetX,\offsetY)}, rotate around={\rotation:(axis cs:0,0)}, ]
    \draw (axis cs:-\c,0) -- (axis cs:\c,0);
    \draw[densely dashed]
        (axis cs:-\c,0) node[left] {A}
        -- (axis cs:{\a*cosh(1)}, {\b*sinh(1)}) node[circle,fill, inner sep=1pt] {}
        -- (axis cs:\c,0) node[right] {B};
\end{scope}
\end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

答案3

这是使用 TikZ 但不使用 PGFPlots 的替代解决方案。基本思想与 Fritz 的答案相同：旋转和移动。参数化是这样的，用户指定a与c( \acRatio) 的比率，其中c是焦点之间距离的一半，a是从双曲线的给定点到两个焦点的固定距离差的一半。

关于双曲线的数学知识，可以参考数学世界。

示例代码的输出

\documentclass[tikz,border=2pt]{standalone}
\usetikzlibrary{calc}
\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}

% Clipping area
\pgfmathsetmacro{\clipLeft}{-4}
\pgfmathsetmacro{\clipRight}{4}
\pgfmathsetmacro{\clipBottom}{-1}
\pgfmathsetmacro{\clipTop}{4}
\clip (\clipLeft,\clipBottom) rectangle(\clipRight,\clipTop);

% Parameters of the hyperbola:
% - Foci (A) and (B). Their distance is 2*c.
% - Ratio of a to c, \acRatio, where a is half of the smallest
%   distance between the two sides of the hyperbola.
%   A number greater than 0, not larger than 1.
\coordinate (A) at (-0.3,1);
\coordinate (B) at (-0.2,2);
\pgfmathsetmacro{\acRatio}{0.35}

%% Computation
% Half the distance between foci
\coordinate (BA) at ($ (B)-(A) $);
\newdimen\myBAx
\pgfextractx{\myBAx}{\pgfpointanchor{BA}{center}}
\newdimen\myBAy
\pgfextracty{\myBAy}{\pgfpointanchor{BA}{center}}
\pgfmathsetlengthmacro{\c}{veclen(\myBAx,\myBAy)/2}
% Semiminor axis
\pgfmathsetlengthmacro{\b}{sqrt(1-\acRatio^2)*\c}
% Semimajor axis
\pgfmathsetlengthmacro{\a}{\acRatio*\c}
% Rotation angle
\pgfmathanglebetweenlines{\pgfpoint{0}{0}}{\pgfpoint{1}{0}}
{\pgfpointanchor{A}{center}}{\pgfpointanchor{B}{center}}
\let\rotAngle\pgfmathresult
% Shift
\coordinate (O) at ($ (A)!.5!(B) $);
%% Plotting
% Hyperbola. Adjust domain if a wider view is needed.
\tikzset{hyperbola/.style={rotate=\rotAngle,shift=(O),
    domain=-3:3,variable=\t,samples=50,smooth}}
\draw[hyperbola] plot ({ \a*cosh(\t)},{\b*sinh(\t)});
\draw[hyperbola] plot ({-\a*cosh(\t)},{\b*sinh(\t)});
% Asymptotes
\pgfmathsetmacro{\baRatio}{\b/\a}
\tikzset{asymptote/.style={rotate=\rotAngle,shift=(O),
    samples=2,domain=\clipLeft:\clipRight,dash pattern=on 2mm off 1mm}}
\draw[asymptote] plot ({\x},{\baRatio*\x});
\draw[asymptote] plot ({\x},{-\baRatio*\x});
% Axes
\tikzset{axis/.style={->,black!40}}
\draw[axis] (\clipLeft,0) -- (\clipRight,0);
\draw[axis] (0,\clipBottom) -- (0,\clipTop);
% Line segment between foci
\draw[blue,thick] (A) -- (O);
\draw[red,thick] (O) -- (B);
% Foci
\fill (A) circle (0.5mm);
\fill (B) circle (0.5mm);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

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