如何在 tikz 或类似软件中绘制分类图

Question

按照下图的样式绘制分类法的最佳方法是什么？

Answer 1

\documentclass[tikz,border=10pt]{standalone}
\usepackage{forest}
\usetikzlibrary{shadows}
\tikzset{every shadow/.style={shadow xshift=5pt,shadow yshift=-5pt}}
\begin{document}
% starting point: https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/341454/121799
\begin{forest}
  for tree={
    font=\sffamily,
    line width=1pt,
    draw,
    child anchor=north,
    parent anchor=south,
    grow=south,
    align=center,
    edge path={
      \noexpand\path[line width=1pt, \forestoption{edge}]
      (!u.parent anchor)  |- ([yshift=4pt].child anchor) -- (.child anchor) \forestoption{edge label};
    },
  },
  s sep+=20pt,
  [1 Clustering Ensemble\\ Approaches,drop shadow,
  fill=white,double=white,
    [2.1 Generative\\ Mechanism,double=white 
     [3.1 Different\\ Algorithms]
     [,phantom]
     [3.2 Single\\ Algorithms
     [4.1 Different built--in\\ initialization]
     [~\\~,opacity=0,name=phantom1
      [4.3 Different subsets\\ of features]
      [~\\~,opacity=0,name=phantom2
       [4.5 Different subsets\\ of objects]
      ]
      [4.4 Projecting data\\ onto different subspaces]
      ]
     [4.2 Different\\ parameters]
     ]
    ]
    [2.2 Consensus\\ Function,double=white
     [3.3 Information Theory\\ Approach]
     [~\\~,opacity=0,name=phantom3
      [3.5 Voting approach]
      [~,opacity=0,name=phantom4
       [3.7 Hypergraph\\ methods]
      ]
      [3.6 Mixture Model (EM)]
      ]
     [3.4 Co--association\\ based approach]
     ]
   ]
  \begin{scope}[line width=1pt]
   \foreach \X in {1,...,4}
   {\draw (phantom\X.north) -- (phantom\X.south);}
  \end{scope}
\end{forest}
\end{document}

Answer 2

这是使用 Forest 库的版本edges，它使这些类型的树变得容易得多。我厚颜无耻地偷了土拨鼠密码以避免全部输入，但我稍微改变了树的结构以简化事情，并依赖于 Forest 选项而不是手动间距，以帮助确保一致性并使代码更简单、更灵活。

我还对样式进行了调整，因为完成后我不喜欢双线或方角，而且发现我更喜欢根部更微妙的阴影，所有节点都有非常轻微的阴影。显然，这些更改与 Forest 代码本身无关，因此如果您喜欢，您可以轻松获得那种强烈的阴影、硬边和双线。（在某些情况下，我可能更喜欢它们 - 但显然不是在这种情况下。）

\documentclass[border=10pt]{standalone}
\usepackage[edges]{forest}
\usetikzlibrary{shadows.blur}
\begin{document}
% addaswyd o ateb marmot: https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/436172/
% starting point: https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/341454/121799
\begin{forest}
  forked edges,
  for tree={font=\sffamily, rounded corners, top color=gray!5, bottom color=gray!10, edge+={darkgray, line width=1pt}, draw=darkgray, align=center, anchor=children},
  before packing={where n children=3{calign child=2, calign=child edge}{}},
  before typesetting nodes={where content={}{coordinate}{}},
  where level<=1{line width=2pt}{line width=1pt},
  [1 Clustering Ensemble\\Approaches, blur shadow
    [2.1 Generative\\Mechanism
     [3.1 Different\\Algorithms]
     [3.2 Single\\Algorithms
        [4.1 Different built--in\\initialization]
        [
          [4.3 Different subsets\\of features]
          [
            [4.5 Different subsets\\of objects]
          ]
          [4.4 Projecting data\\onto different subspaces]
        ]
        [4.2 Different\\parameters]
      ]
    ]
    [2.2 Consensus\\Function
      [3.3 Information Theory\\Approach]
      [
        [3.5 Voting approach]
        [
          [3.7 Hypergraph\\methods]
        ]
        [3.6 Mixture Model (EM)]
      ]
      [3.4 Co--association\\based approach]
    ]
  ]
\end{forest}
\end{document}