关于宏 \CreateTheorem(*) 的帮助

Question 1

如果你希望 cleveref 工作，我建议定义一个计数器⟨name of environment⟩并使用包别名用于定义别名计数器 ⟨name of environment⟩EN和⟨name of environment⟩FR。（下面的例子考虑了从中
分离尾随。）然后你可以通过分别定义新的定理，但你会遇到问题*⟨name of environment⟩

\newtheorem{⟨name of environment⟩EN}[⟨name of environment⟩EN]{⟨header⟩}

\newtheorem{⟨name of environment⟩FR}[⟨name of environment⟩FR]{⟨header⟩}

cleveref 或 hyperref 都没有\autoref选择正确的\..name-macro
也不适用\newtheorem于未使用尾随EN/指定要使用的计数器的 -directives FR。

\documentclass{article}

\usepackage[french,english]{babel}

\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} % <-- needed for French language !!!

\usepackage{xcolor}
\definecolor{paper}{RGB}{255,255,255}

\usepackage{mathtools}
\usepackage{amsthm}
\makeatletter
\newtheoremstyle{simple}%
    {}{}%
    {\normalfont}{}%
    {\normalfont}{}%
    {0pt}%
    {\thmname{\MakeUppercase{#1}}\thmnumber{ #2}\hspace{.4em}\textcolor{gray!55!paper}{$|$}\hspace{.4em}\color{gray}\thmnote{\ensuremath{(\text{#3})}~~}\pushQED{\qed}}
\def\@endtheorem{\popQED\endtrivlist\@endpefalse }
\makeatother

\renewcommand{\qedsymbol}{\makebox[1em]{\color{gray!55!paper}\rule[-0.1em]{.95em}{.95em}}}

\RequirePackage{aliascnt}
\PassOptionsToPackage{hidelinks,linktoc=all}{hyperref}
\RequirePackage{hyperref}
\PassOptionsToPackage{nameinlink}{cleveref}
\RequirePackage{cleveref}
\crefdefaultlabelformat{#2#1#3~\aftergroup\ignorespaces}

\theoremstyle{simple}

\newcommand\englishABBR{EN}
\newcommand\frenchABBR{FR}

%% macro for creating theorems
\RequirePackage{xstring}

\makeatletter
\newcommand\PassFirstToSecond[2]{#2{#1}}%
\NewDocumentCommand{\CreateTheorem}{sm}{%
  \begingroup
  \protected@edef\temp{#2}%
  \expandafter\IfEndWith\expandafter{\temp}{*}{%
    \expandafter\StrGobbleRight\expandafter{\temp}{1}[\temp]%
    \PassFirstToSecond{*}%
  }{%
    \PassFirstToSecond{}%
  }%
  {\expandafter\PassFirstToSecond\expandafter{\temp}{\endgroup\InnerCreateTheorem{#1}}}%
}%
\NewDocumentCommand{\InnerCreateTheorem}{mmmod<>}{%
   % #1 = Tokens denoting an xparse-boolean value;
   %      value "true" -> the call was \CreateTheorem*{...}...
   %      value "false" -> the call was \CreateTheorem{...}...
   %      This indicates whether the "starred" variant or the
   %      "unstarred" variant of \CreateTheorem was called.
   % #2 = Name of environment to define. One trailing
   %      star is removed from the environment-name provided 
   %      to \CreateTheorem if that environment-name has
   %      trailing stars.
   % #3 = If the environment-name provided to \CreateTheorem has
   %      trailing stars: A star (*).
   %      If the environment-name provided to \CreateTheorem has
   %      no trailing stars: Empty/no tokens at all.
   % #4 = numbered like=name of counter like which the environment
   %      shall be numbered.
   % #5 = numbered within=name of counter which is superordinate
   %      to the environment's counter and whose stepping resets
   %      the environment's counter.
   \IfBooleanTF{#1}{%
     \IfValueTF{#4}{\@firstoftwo}{\IfValueTF{#5}{\@firstoftwo}{\@secondoftwo}}%
   }{\IfValueTF{#4}{\IfValueTF{#5}{\@firstoftwo}{\@secondoftwo}}{\@secondoftwo}}%
   {%
    \GenericError{}%
                 {\string\CreateTheorem\space syntax error\on@line}%
                 {You cannot call the starred variant with optional arguments.\MessageBreak
                  You cannot call the unstarred variant with several optional arguments.}%
                 {%
                   Allowed usage:\MessageBreak\MessageBreak
                   \CreateTheorem*{(name of environment)}\MessageBreak
                   \CreateTheorem{(name of environment)}[(numbered like)]\MessageBreak
                   \CreateTheorem{(name of environment)}<(numbered within)>\MessageBreak
                   \CreateTheorem{(name of environment)}\MessageBreak
                   Captions come from macros \string\(name of environment)nameEN\MessageBreak
                   respective \string\(name of environment)nameFR.\MessageBreak
                   These macros must be defined separately.%
                 }%
   }{%
      \IfBooleanTF{#1}{%
        \expandafter\PassFirstToSecond\expandafter{\csname#2nameEN\endcsname}{\newtheorem*{#2EN#3}}%
        \expandafter\PassFirstToSecond\expandafter{\csname#2nameFR\endcsname}{\newtheorem*{#2FR#3}}%
      }{%
        \IfValueTF{#5}{%
          \newcounter{#2#3}[{#5}]%
          \expandafter\renewcommand\expandafter*\csname the#2#3\expandafter\endcsname\expandafter{\csname the#5\endcsname.\arabic{#2#3}}%
        }{%
          \IfValueTF{#4}{\newaliascnt{#2#3}{#4}}{\newcounter{#2#3}}%
        }%
        %-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        \CreateTheoremNumberedLikeAliasCounter{#2}{EN}{#3}%
        \CreateTheoremNumberedLikeAliasCounter{#2}{FR}{#3}%
        %-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      }%
      \NewDocumentEnvironment{#2#3}{}{\csname#2\csname\languagename ABBR\endcsname#3\endcsname}%
                                     {\csname end#2\csname\languagename ABBR\endcsname#3\endcsname}%
   }%
}%
\NewDocumentCommand{\CreateTheoremNumberedLikeAliasCounter}{mmm}{%
  \newaliascnt{#1#2#3}{#1#3}%
  \newtheorem{#1#2#3}[{#1#2#3}]{\csname#1name#2\endcsname}%
  \aliascntresetthe{#1#2#3}%
  \expandafter\PassFirstToSecond\expandafter{\expandafter\protect\expandafter\MakeUppercase\expandafter{\csname#1name#2\endcsname}}%
  {%
    \expandafter\PassFirstToSecond\expandafter{\expandafter\protect\expandafter\MakeUppercase\expandafter{\csname#1name#2\endcsname}}%
    {\crefname{#1#2#3}}%
  }%
}%
\makeatother

\def\theoremnameEN{Theorem}
\def\theoremnameFR{Théorème}
\def\definitionnameEN{Definition}
\def\definitionnameFR{Définition}
\def\remarknameEN{Remark}
\def\remarknameFR{Remarque}
\def\notenameEN{Note}
\def\notenameFR{Note}

\CreateTheorem{theorem}<section>
\CreateTheorem{definition}[theorem]
\CreateTheorem*{theorem*}
\CreateTheorem*{definition*}
\CreateTheorem*{remark}
\CreateTheorem{note*} % This is strange, only for test

\newcommand*\sometext{Here's some text without a meaning. This text ...}

\begin{document}

In English:

\begin{theorem}\label{thm:1}%
    \sometext
\end{theorem}

\begin{theorem*}
    \sometext
\end{theorem*}

\begin{definition}\label{def:1}%
    \sometext
\end{definition}

\selectlanguage{french}

En français:

\begin{theorem}\label{thm:2}%
    \sometext
\end{theorem}

\begin{theorem*}
    \sometext
\end{theorem*}

\begin{definition}\label{def:2}%
    \sometext
\end{definition}

\selectlanguage{english}

See \cref{thm:1,thm:2,def:1,def:2}. % reference should be in their original language

\end{document}

Answer

如果你希望 cleveref 工作，我建议定义一个计数器⟨name of environment⟩并使用包别名用于定义别名计数器 ⟨name of environment⟩EN和⟨name of environment⟩FR。（下面的例子考虑了从中
分离尾随。）然后你可以通过分别定义新的定理，但你会遇到问题*⟨name of environment⟩

\newtheorem{⟨name of environment⟩EN}[⟨name of environment⟩EN]{⟨header⟩}

\newtheorem{⟨name of environment⟩FR}[⟨name of environment⟩FR]{⟨header⟩}

cleveref 或 hyperref 都没有\autoref选择正确的\..name-macro
也不适用\newtheorem于未使用尾随EN/指定要使用的计数器的 -directives FR。

\documentclass{article}

\usepackage[french,english]{babel}

\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} % <-- needed for French language !!!

\usepackage{xcolor}
\definecolor{paper}{RGB}{255,255,255}

\usepackage{mathtools}
\usepackage{amsthm}
\makeatletter
\newtheoremstyle{simple}%
    {}{}%
    {\normalfont}{}%
    {\normalfont}{}%
    {0pt}%
    {\thmname{\MakeUppercase{#1}}\thmnumber{ #2}\hspace{.4em}\textcolor{gray!55!paper}{$|$}\hspace{.4em}\color{gray}\thmnote{\ensuremath{(\text{#3})}~~}\pushQED{\qed}}
\def\@endtheorem{\popQED\endtrivlist\@endpefalse }
\makeatother

\renewcommand{\qedsymbol}{\makebox[1em]{\color{gray!55!paper}\rule[-0.1em]{.95em}{.95em}}}

\RequirePackage{aliascnt}
\PassOptionsToPackage{hidelinks,linktoc=all}{hyperref}
\RequirePackage{hyperref}
\PassOptionsToPackage{nameinlink}{cleveref}
\RequirePackage{cleveref}
\crefdefaultlabelformat{#2#1#3~\aftergroup\ignorespaces}

\theoremstyle{simple}

\newcommand\englishABBR{EN}
\newcommand\frenchABBR{FR}

%% macro for creating theorems
\RequirePackage{xstring}

\makeatletter
\newcommand\PassFirstToSecond[2]{#2{#1}}%
\NewDocumentCommand{\CreateTheorem}{sm}{%
  \begingroup
  \protected@edef\temp{#2}%
  \expandafter\IfEndWith\expandafter{\temp}{*}{%
    \expandafter\StrGobbleRight\expandafter{\temp}{1}[\temp]%
    \PassFirstToSecond{*}%
  }{%
    \PassFirstToSecond{}%
  }%
  {\expandafter\PassFirstToSecond\expandafter{\temp}{\endgroup\InnerCreateTheorem{#1}}}%
}%
\NewDocumentCommand{\InnerCreateTheorem}{mmmod<>}{%
   % #1 = Tokens denoting an xparse-boolean value;
   %      value "true" -> the call was \CreateTheorem*{...}...
   %      value "false" -> the call was \CreateTheorem{...}...
   %      This indicates whether the "starred" variant or the
   %      "unstarred" variant of \CreateTheorem was called.
   % #2 = Name of environment to define. One trailing
   %      star is removed from the environment-name provided 
   %      to \CreateTheorem if that environment-name has
   %      trailing stars.
   % #3 = If the environment-name provided to \CreateTheorem has
   %      trailing stars: A star (*).
   %      If the environment-name provided to \CreateTheorem has
   %      no trailing stars: Empty/no tokens at all.
   % #4 = numbered like=name of counter like which the environment
   %      shall be numbered.
   % #5 = numbered within=name of counter which is superordinate
   %      to the environment's counter and whose stepping resets
   %      the environment's counter.
   \IfBooleanTF{#1}{%
     \IfValueTF{#4}{\@firstoftwo}{\IfValueTF{#5}{\@firstoftwo}{\@secondoftwo}}%
   }{\IfValueTF{#4}{\IfValueTF{#5}{\@firstoftwo}{\@secondoftwo}}{\@secondoftwo}}%
   {%
    \GenericError{}%
                 {\string\CreateTheorem\space syntax error\on@line}%
                 {You cannot call the starred variant with optional arguments.\MessageBreak
                  You cannot call the unstarred variant with several optional arguments.}%
                 {%
                   Allowed usage:\MessageBreak\MessageBreak
                   \CreateTheorem*{(name of environment)}\MessageBreak
                   \CreateTheorem{(name of environment)}[(numbered like)]\MessageBreak
                   \CreateTheorem{(name of environment)}<(numbered within)>\MessageBreak
                   \CreateTheorem{(name of environment)}\MessageBreak
                   Captions come from macros \string\(name of environment)nameEN\MessageBreak
                   respective \string\(name of environment)nameFR.\MessageBreak
                   These macros must be defined separately.%
                 }%
   }{%
      \IfBooleanTF{#1}{%
        \expandafter\PassFirstToSecond\expandafter{\csname#2nameEN\endcsname}{\newtheorem*{#2EN#3}}%
        \expandafter\PassFirstToSecond\expandafter{\csname#2nameFR\endcsname}{\newtheorem*{#2FR#3}}%
      }{%
        \IfValueTF{#5}{%
          \newcounter{#2#3}[{#5}]%
          \expandafter\renewcommand\expandafter*\csname the#2#3\expandafter\endcsname\expandafter{\csname the#5\endcsname.\arabic{#2#3}}%
        }{%
          \IfValueTF{#4}{\newaliascnt{#2#3}{#4}}{\newcounter{#2#3}}%
        }%
        %-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        \CreateTheoremNumberedLikeAliasCounter{#2}{EN}{#3}%
        \CreateTheoremNumberedLikeAliasCounter{#2}{FR}{#3}%
        %-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      }%
      \NewDocumentEnvironment{#2#3}{}{\csname#2\csname\languagename ABBR\endcsname#3\endcsname}%
                                     {\csname end#2\csname\languagename ABBR\endcsname#3\endcsname}%
   }%
}%
\NewDocumentCommand{\CreateTheoremNumberedLikeAliasCounter}{mmm}{%
  \newaliascnt{#1#2#3}{#1#3}%
  \newtheorem{#1#2#3}[{#1#2#3}]{\csname#1name#2\endcsname}%
  \aliascntresetthe{#1#2#3}%
  \expandafter\PassFirstToSecond\expandafter{\expandafter\protect\expandafter\MakeUppercase\expandafter{\csname#1name#2\endcsname}}%
  {%
    \expandafter\PassFirstToSecond\expandafter{\expandafter\protect\expandafter\MakeUppercase\expandafter{\csname#1name#2\endcsname}}%
    {\crefname{#1#2#3}}%
  }%
}%
\makeatother

\def\theoremnameEN{Theorem}
\def\theoremnameFR{Théorème}
\def\definitionnameEN{Definition}
\def\definitionnameFR{Définition}
\def\remarknameEN{Remark}
\def\remarknameFR{Remarque}
\def\notenameEN{Note}
\def\notenameFR{Note}

\CreateTheorem{theorem}<section>
\CreateTheorem{definition}[theorem]
\CreateTheorem*{theorem*}
\CreateTheorem*{definition*}
\CreateTheorem*{remark}
\CreateTheorem{note*} % This is strange, only for test

\newcommand*\sometext{Here's some text without a meaning. This text ...}

\begin{document}

In English:

\begin{theorem}\label{thm:1}%
    \sometext
\end{theorem}

\begin{theorem*}
    \sometext
\end{theorem*}

\begin{definition}\label{def:1}%
    \sometext
\end{definition}

\selectlanguage{french}

En français:

\begin{theorem}\label{thm:2}%
    \sometext
\end{theorem}

\begin{theorem*}
    \sometext
\end{theorem*}

\begin{definition}\label{def:2}%
    \sometext
\end{definition}

\selectlanguage{english}

See \cref{thm:1,thm:2,def:1,def:2}. % reference should be in their original language

\end{document}

Question 2

这不是对您的问题的直接回答，但我认为您的方法不是最好的方法。

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage[french,english]{babel}
\usepackage{xcolor}

\usepackage{amsthm}
\usepackage[hidelinks,linktoc=all]{hyperref}
\usepackage[nameinlink]{cleveref}

\definecolor{paper}{RGB}{255,255,255}

\newtheoremstyle{simple}%
  {}
  {}
  {\normalfont}
  {}
  {\normalfont}
  {}
  {0pt}
  {%
   \thmname{#1}%
   \thmnumber{ #2}%
   \hspace{.4em}%
   \textcolor{gray!55!paper}{$|$}%
   \hspace{.4em}\color{gray}%
   \thmnote{(#3)~~}\pushQED{\qed}%
  }
\makeatletter
\def\@endtheorem{\popQED\endtrivlist\@endpefalse}
\makeatother

\theoremstyle{simple}

\ExplSyntaxOn

\NewDocumentCommand{\CreateTheorem}{smm}
 {
  \IfBooleanTF{#1}
   {
    \jinwen_theorem_nonumber:nn { #2 } { #3 }
   }
   {
    \jinwen_theorem_number:nn { #2 } { #3 }
   }
 }

\keys_define:nn { jinwen/theorem }
 {
  within .tl_set:N = \l__jinwen_theorem_within_tl,
  like .tl_set:N = \l__jinwen_theorem_like_tl,
  name .tl_set:N = \l__jinwen_theorem_name_tl,
  unknown .code:n = 
   \prop_gput:cVn { g_jinwen_theorem_ \l__jinwen_theorem_main_tl _prop }
                  \l_keys_key_str { #1 },
 }
\tl_new:N \l__jinwen_theorem_main_tl
\str_new:N \l_jinwen_language_curr_str

\cs_new_protected:Nn \jinwen_theorem_nonumber:nn
 {
  \tl_set:Nn \l__jinwen_theorem_main_tl { #1 }
  \prop_new:c { g_jinwen_theorem_#1_prop }
  \keys_set:nn { jinwen/theorem }
   {
    #2, % set the given options
   }
  \newtheorem*{#1}{ \__jinwen_theorem_printname:n { #1 } }
 }
\cs_generate_variant:Nn \prop_item:Nn { cV }

\cs_new_protected:Nn \jinwen_theorem_number:nn
 {
  \tl_set:Nn \l__jinwen_theorem_main_tl { #1 }
  \prop_new:c { g_jinwen_theorem_#1_prop }
  \keys_set:nn { jinwen/theorem }
   {
    within = , % initialize to empty
    like =, % initialize to empty
    #2, % set the given options
   }
  \jinwen_theorem_new:nVV { #1 } \l__jinwen_theorem_within_tl \l__jinwen_theorem_like_tl
 }
\cs_new_protected:Nn \jinwen_theorem_new:nnn
 {
  \tl_if_blank:nTF { #2 }
   {% no within
    \tl_if_blank:nTF { #3 }
     {% no like
      \newtheorem{#1}{ \__jinwen_theorem_printname:n { #1 } }
     }
     {% numbered like
      \newtheorem{#1}[#3]{ \__jinwen_theorem_printname:n { #1 } }
     }
   }
   {% within
    \newtheorem{#1}{ \__jinwen_theorem_printname:n { #1 } }[#2]
   }
  \crefname{#1}{ \protect\__jinwen_theorem_printname:n { #1 } }
               { \protect\__jinwen_theorem_printname:n { #1 } }

 }
\cs_generate_variant:Nn \jinwen_theorem_new:nnn { nVV }

\cs_new:Nn \__jinwen_theorem_printname:n
 {
  \text_uppercase:n { \prop_item:cV { g_jinwen_theorem_#1_prop } \l_jinwen_language_curr_str }
 }

\addto\captionsenglish{\tl_set:Nn \l_jinwen_language_curr_str { EN } }
\addto\captionsfrench{\tl_set:Nn \l_jinwen_language_curr_str { FR } }

\ExplSyntaxOff

\CreateTheorem{theorem}{within=section,EN=Theorem,FR=Théorème}
\CreateTheorem{lemma}{EN=Lemma,FR=Lemme}
\CreateTheorem*{foo}{EN=abc,FR=xyz}

\CreateTheorem{theorem*}{like=theorem,EN=Easy Theorem,FR=Théorème facile}
\CreateTheorem*{foo*}{EN=foo,FR=xyz}

\begin{document}

\section{English}

\begin{lemma}\label{l}
This is a lemma.
\end{lemma}
\cref{l}

\begin{theorem}\label{a}
This is in English.
\end{theorem}
\cref{a}

\begin{theorem*}[Very easy]\label{b}
This is in English.
\end{theorem*}
\cref{b}

\begin{foo}
This is in English and is named abc.
\end{foo}

\begin{foo*}
This is in English and is named abc.
\end{foo*}

\selectlanguage{french}

\section{Français}

\begin{lemma}\label{m}
Ceci est un lemme.
\end{lemma}
\cref{m}

\begin{theorem}\label{c}
Ceci est en français.
\end{theorem}
\cref{c}

\begin{theorem*}[Très facile]\label{d}
Ceci est en français.
\end{theorem*}
\cref{d}

\begin{foo}
Ceci est en français et est nommé xyz.
\end{foo}

\begin{foo*}
Ceci est en français et est nommé xyz.
\end{foo*}

\end{document}

当然，大写字母太多了，但这是你的文档，不是我的。

Answer

这不是对您的问题的直接回答，但我认为您的方法不是最好的方法。

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage[french,english]{babel}
\usepackage{xcolor}

\usepackage{amsthm}
\usepackage[hidelinks,linktoc=all]{hyperref}
\usepackage[nameinlink]{cleveref}

\definecolor{paper}{RGB}{255,255,255}

\newtheoremstyle{simple}%
  {}
  {}
  {\normalfont}
  {}
  {\normalfont}
  {}
  {0pt}
  {%
   \thmname{#1}%
   \thmnumber{ #2}%
   \hspace{.4em}%
   \textcolor{gray!55!paper}{$|$}%
   \hspace{.4em}\color{gray}%
   \thmnote{(#3)~~}\pushQED{\qed}%
  }
\makeatletter
\def\@endtheorem{\popQED\endtrivlist\@endpefalse}
\makeatother

\theoremstyle{simple}

\ExplSyntaxOn

\NewDocumentCommand{\CreateTheorem}{smm}
 {
  \IfBooleanTF{#1}
   {
    \jinwen_theorem_nonumber:nn { #2 } { #3 }
   }
   {
    \jinwen_theorem_number:nn { #2 } { #3 }
   }
 }

\keys_define:nn { jinwen/theorem }
 {
  within .tl_set:N = \l__jinwen_theorem_within_tl,
  like .tl_set:N = \l__jinwen_theorem_like_tl,
  name .tl_set:N = \l__jinwen_theorem_name_tl,
  unknown .code:n = 
   \prop_gput:cVn { g_jinwen_theorem_ \l__jinwen_theorem_main_tl _prop }
                  \l_keys_key_str { #1 },
 }
\tl_new:N \l__jinwen_theorem_main_tl
\str_new:N \l_jinwen_language_curr_str

\cs_new_protected:Nn \jinwen_theorem_nonumber:nn
 {
  \tl_set:Nn \l__jinwen_theorem_main_tl { #1 }
  \prop_new:c { g_jinwen_theorem_#1_prop }
  \keys_set:nn { jinwen/theorem }
   {
    #2, % set the given options
   }
  \newtheorem*{#1}{ \__jinwen_theorem_printname:n { #1 } }
 }
\cs_generate_variant:Nn \prop_item:Nn { cV }

\cs_new_protected:Nn \jinwen_theorem_number:nn
 {
  \tl_set:Nn \l__jinwen_theorem_main_tl { #1 }
  \prop_new:c { g_jinwen_theorem_#1_prop }
  \keys_set:nn { jinwen/theorem }
   {
    within = , % initialize to empty
    like =, % initialize to empty
    #2, % set the given options
   }
  \jinwen_theorem_new:nVV { #1 } \l__jinwen_theorem_within_tl \l__jinwen_theorem_like_tl
 }
\cs_new_protected:Nn \jinwen_theorem_new:nnn
 {
  \tl_if_blank:nTF { #2 }
   {% no within
    \tl_if_blank:nTF { #3 }
     {% no like
      \newtheorem{#1}{ \__jinwen_theorem_printname:n { #1 } }
     }
     {% numbered like
      \newtheorem{#1}[#3]{ \__jinwen_theorem_printname:n { #1 } }
     }
   }
   {% within
    \newtheorem{#1}{ \__jinwen_theorem_printname:n { #1 } }[#2]
   }
  \crefname{#1}{ \protect\__jinwen_theorem_printname:n { #1 } }
               { \protect\__jinwen_theorem_printname:n { #1 } }

 }
\cs_generate_variant:Nn \jinwen_theorem_new:nnn { nVV }

\cs_new:Nn \__jinwen_theorem_printname:n
 {
  \text_uppercase:n { \prop_item:cV { g_jinwen_theorem_#1_prop } \l_jinwen_language_curr_str }
 }

\addto\captionsenglish{\tl_set:Nn \l_jinwen_language_curr_str { EN } }
\addto\captionsfrench{\tl_set:Nn \l_jinwen_language_curr_str { FR } }

\ExplSyntaxOff

\CreateTheorem{theorem}{within=section,EN=Theorem,FR=Théorème}
\CreateTheorem{lemma}{EN=Lemma,FR=Lemme}
\CreateTheorem*{foo}{EN=abc,FR=xyz}

\CreateTheorem{theorem*}{like=theorem,EN=Easy Theorem,FR=Théorème facile}
\CreateTheorem*{foo*}{EN=foo,FR=xyz}

\begin{document}

\section{English}

\begin{lemma}\label{l}
This is a lemma.
\end{lemma}
\cref{l}

\begin{theorem}\label{a}
This is in English.
\end{theorem}
\cref{a}

\begin{theorem*}[Very easy]\label{b}
This is in English.
\end{theorem*}
\cref{b}

\begin{foo}
This is in English and is named abc.
\end{foo}

\begin{foo*}
This is in English and is named abc.
\end{foo*}

\selectlanguage{french}

\section{Français}

\begin{lemma}\label{m}
Ceci est un lemme.
\end{lemma}
\cref{m}

\begin{theorem}\label{c}
Ceci est en français.
\end{theorem}
\cref{c}

\begin{theorem*}[Très facile]\label{d}
Ceci est en français.
\end{theorem*}
\cref{d}

\begin{foo}
Ceci est en français et est nommé xyz.
\end{foo}

\begin{foo*}
Ceci est en français et est nommé xyz.
\end{foo*}

\end{document}

当然，大写字母太多了，但这是你的文档，不是我的。

Question 3

下面\temp通过使用两个辅助宏来解决您的扩展问题，一个用于带星号的情况，另一个用于不带星号的情况。不带星号的情况中的宏确保只转发正确的可选参数，如果同时使用两个宏，则会引发错误。

您不需要\edef，此答案仅\temp使用扩展您的宏\expandafter。的一般规则\expandafter是尝试在扩展之前扩展，因此将执行以下操作（这列出了四个步骤，但您实际上无法访问这些步骤，TeX 在扩展第一个步骤时将执行所有这些步骤）：\expandafter<tok_A><tok_B><tok_B><tok_A>\expandafter\foo\expandafter{\stuff}\expandafter

\expandafter推迟\foo：

% to be reinserted
\expandafter\foo
% next things TeX will look at
\expandafter{\stuff}

第二个\expandafter推迟{：

% to be reinserted
\expandafter\foo\expandafter{%
% next things TeX will look at
\stuff}

\stuff得到扩展，并且延迟\expandafter{被放回（\expandafter被删除，<stuff>是的扩展\stuff）
```
% to be reinserted
\expandafter\foo
% next things TeX will look at
{<stuff>}
```
最后\expandafter\foo重新插入并被\expandafter移除
```
% next things TeX will look at
\foo{<stuff>}
```

现在\foo可以做它的事情，它所看到的只是扩展\stuff（扩展只是一次，这在您的用例中是可以的）。

所有这些都应用于您的代码以创建新的定理环境：

\documentclass{article}

\usepackage[french,english]{babel}

\usepackage{xcolor}
\definecolor{paper}{RGB}{255,255,255}

\usepackage{mathtools}
\usepackage{amsthm}
\makeatletter
\newtheoremstyle{simple}%
    {}{}%
    {\normalfont}{}%
    {\normalfont}{}%
    {0pt}%
    {\thmname{\MakeUppercase{#1}}\thmnumber{ #2}\hspace{.4em}\textcolor{gray!55!paper}{$|$}\hspace{.4em}\color{gray}\thmnote{\ensuremath{(\text{#3})}~~}\pushQED{\qed}}
\def\@endtheorem{\popQED\endtrivlist\@endpefalse }
\makeatother

\renewcommand{\qedsymbol}{\makebox[1em]{\color{gray!55!paper}\rule[-0.1em]{.95em}{.95em}}}

\PassOptionsToPackage{hidelinks,linktoc=all}{hyperref}
\RequirePackage{hyperref}
\PassOptionsToPackage{nameinlink}{cleveref}
\RequirePackage{cleveref}
\crefdefaultlabelformat{#2#1#3~\aftergroup\ignorespaces}

\theoremstyle{simple}

\newcommand\englishABBR{EN}
\newcommand\frenchABBR{FR}

%% macro for creating theorems
\RequirePackage{xstring}
\makeatletter
\newcommand\jinwen@createenvironment@starred[2]
  {%
    % #1: name
    % #2: star or empty
    \newtheorem*{#1EN#2}{\csname#1nameEN\endcsname}%
    \newtheorem*{#1FR#2}{\csname#1nameFR\endcsname}%
    \NewDocumentEnvironment{#1#2}{O{}}
      {\begin{#1\csname\languagename ABBR\endcsname#2}[{##1}]}
      {\end{#1\csname\languagename ABBR\endcsname#2}}%
  }
\newcommand\jinwen@createenvironment@nostar[4]
  {%
    % #1: name
    % #2: star or empty
    % #3: first optional argument to \newtheorem
    % #4: second optional argument to \newtheorem
    \IfNoValueTF{#3}
      {%
        \IfNoValueTF{#4}
          {%
            \newtheorem{#1EN#2}{\csname #1nameEN\endcsname}%
            \newtheorem{#1FR#2}{\csname #1nameFR\endcsname}%
          }%
          {%
            \newtheorem{#1EN#2}{\csname #1nameEN\endcsname}[{#4}]%
            \newtheorem{#1FR#2}{\csname #1nameFR\endcsname}[{#4}]%
          }%
      }%
      {%
        \IfNoValueTF{#4}
          {%
            \newtheorem{#1EN#2}[{#3}]{\csname #1nameEN\endcsname}%
            \newtheorem{#1FR#2}[{#3}]{\csname #1nameFR\endcsname}%
          }%
          {%
            \PackageError{jinwen}
              {%
                You can't use both optional arguments,\MessageBreak
                they are mutually exclusive!\@gobble%
              }
              {}%
          }%
      }%
    \crefname{#1EN#2}
      {\protect\MakeUppercase{\csname #1nameEN\endcsname}}
      {\protect\MakeUppercase{\csname #1nameEN\endcsname}}%
    \crefname{#1FR#2}
      {\protect\MakeUppercase{\csname #1nameFR\endcsname}}
      {\protect\MakeUppercase{\csname #1nameFR\endcsname}}%
    \NewDocumentEnvironment{#1#2}{O{}}
      {\begin{#1\csname\languagename ABBR\endcsname#2}[{##1}]}
      {\end{#1\csname\languagename ABBR\endcsname#2}}%
  }
\NewDocumentCommand{\CreateTheorem}{smod<>}
  {%
    \IfBooleanTF{#1}
      {% Stared version
        \IfEndWith{#2}{*}
          {% \CreateTheorem*{theorem*}
              \StrGobbleRight{#2}{1}[\temp]%
              \expandafter\jinwen@createenvironment@starred\expandafter{\temp}{*}%
          }
          {% \CreateTheorem*{theorem}
              \jinwen@createenvironment@starred{#2}{}%
          }%
      }
      {% Non-stared version
        \IfEndWith{#2}{*}
          {% \CreateTheorem{theorem*}[...]<...>
            \StrGobbleRight{#2}{1}[\temp]%
            \expandafter\jinwen@createenvironment@nostar\expandafter
              {\temp}{*}{#3}{#4}%
          }
          {% \CreateTheorem{theorem}[...]<...>
            \jinwen@createenvironment@nostar{#2}{}{#3}{#4}%
          }%
      }%
  }
\makeatother
\def\theoremnameEN{Theorem}
\def\theoremnameFR{Théorème}
\def\definitionnameEN{Definition}
\def\definitionnameFR{Définition}
\def\remarknameEN{Remark}
\def\remarknameFR{Remarque}
\def\notenameEN{Note}
\def\notenameFR{Note}

\newcounter{theorem}
\CreateTheorem{theorem}<section>
\CreateTheorem{definition}[theorem]
\CreateTheorem*{theorem*}
\CreateTheorem*{definition*}
\CreateTheorem*{remark}
\CreateTheorem{note*} % This is strange, only for test

\begin{document}

\begin{theorem}
\end{theorem}

\begin{definition}
\end{definition}

\end{document}

Answer