我在 latex 论文文件中的 \makecert 行中收到错误西方论题：
% \addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Certificate of Examination}
% \makecert
有人能帮忙吗？我收到一条错误消息：
PS：这是文件中的所有代码：
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% University of Western Ontario Thesis Template
% By: Justin Quinn Veenstra, 2010
% With thanks to Mr. (soon to be Dr.) Will Robertson.
\documentclass[12pt,twoside]{report}
%% Decomment next line to use PostScript fonts
%%\UsePackage{times}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% %%
%% *** I M P O R T A N T *** %%
%% %%
%% Fill in the following fields with the required information: %%
%% - \department{...} name of the graduate department %%
%% - \degree{...} name of the degree obtained %%
%% - \author{...} name of the author %%
%% - \title{...} title of the thesis %%
%% - \gyear{...} year of graduation %%
%% - \super{...} supervisor
%% - \firstname, \middlename, \lastname... there is additional documentation by the actual fields, so I'll leave it at that
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\usepackage{setspace}
\usepackage{appendix}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage[byname]{smartref}
\usepackage{multirow}
\usepackage{float}
\usepackage{parskip}
\usepackage[verbose]{placeins}
%\usepackage{hyperref} %comment out for hardcopy
\usepackage{txfonts}
\usepackage{tocloft}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\makeatletter
\numberwithin{figure}{chapter}
\newenvironment{acknowledgements}%
{\clearemptydoublepage
\begin{center}
\section*{Acknowledgements}
\end{center}
\begingroup
}{\newpage\endgroup}
\newenvironment{dedication}%
{\clearemptydoublepage
\begin{center}
\section*{Dedication}
\end{center}
\begingroup
}{\newpage\endgroup}
\newenvironment{preliminary}%
{\pagestyle{plain}\pagenumbering{roman}}%
{\pagenumbering{arabic}}
\addtoreflist{chapter}
\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}[section]
\newtheorem{lemma}[theorem]{Lemma}
\newtheorem{proposition}[theorem]{Proposition}
\newtheorem{corollary}[theorem]{Corollary}
\newenvironment{proof}[1][Proof]{\begin{trivlist}
\item[\hskip \labelsep {\bfseries #1}]}{\end{trivlist}}
\newenvironment{definition}[1][Definition]{\begin{trivlist}
\item[\hskip \labelsep {\bfseries #1}]}{\end{trivlist}}
\newenvironment{example}[1][Example]{\begin{trivlist}
\item[\hskip \labelsep {\bfseries #1}]}{\end{trivlist}}
\newenvironment{remark}[1][Remark]{\begin{trivlist}
\item[\hskip \labelsep {\bfseries #1}]}{\end{trivlist}}
\newcommand{\qed}{\nobreak \ifvmode \relax \else
\ifdim\lastskip<1.5em \hskip-\lastskip
\hskip1.5em plus0em minus0.5em \fi \nobreak
\vrule height0.75em width0.5em depth0.25em\fi}
% Default values for title page.
%% To produce output with the desired line spacing, the argument of
%% \spacing should be multiplied by 5/6 = 0.8333, so that 1 1/2 spaced
%% corresponds to \spacing{1.5} and double spaced is \spacing{1.66}.
\def\spacing{1.66} % default line spacing
%% Define the "thesis" page style.
\if@twoside % If two-sided printing.
\def\ps@thesis{\let\@mkboth\markboth
\def\@oddfoot{}
\let\@evenfoot\@oddfoot
\def\@oddhead{
{\sc\rightmark} \hfil \rm\thepage
}
\def\@evenhead{
\rm\thepage \hfil {\sc\leftmark}
}
\def\chaptermark##1{\markboth{\ifnum \c@secnumdepth >\m@ne
Chapter\ \thechapter. \ \fi ##1}{}}
\def\sectionmark##1{\markright{\ifnum \c@secnumdepth >\z@
\thesection. \ \fi ##1}}}
\else % If one-sided printing.
\def\ps@thesis{\let\@mkboth\markboth
\def\@oddfoot{}
\def\@oddhead{
{\sc\rightmark} \hfil \rm\thepage
}
\def\chaptermark##1{\markright{\ifnum \c@secnumdepth >\m@ne
Chapter\ \thechapter. \ \fi ##1}}}
\fi
\pagestyle{thesis}
% Set up page layout.
\setlength{\textheight}{9in} % Height of the main body of the text
\setlength{\topmargin}{-.5in} % .5" margin on top of page
\setlength{\headsep}{.5in} % space between header and top of body
\addtolength{\headsep}{-\headheight} % See The LaTeX Companion, p 85
\setlength{\footskip}{.5in} % space between footer and bottom of body
\setlength{\textwidth}{6.25in} % width of the body of the text
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{.25in} % 1.25" margin on the left for odd pages
\setlength{\evensidemargin}{0in} % 1.25" margin on the right for even pages
% Marginal notes
\setlength{\marginparwidth}{.75in} % width of marginal notes
\setlength{\marginparsep}{.125in} % space between marginal notes and text
% Make each page fill up the entire page. comment this out if you
% prefer.
\flushbottom
\setcounter{tocdepth}{3} % Number the subsubsections
\def\spacing{1.66} % default line spacing
\newcommand\isco[1]{%
\edef\@tempa{#1}%
\def\@tempb{}%
\ifx\@tempa\@tempb
\else \\\underline{Co-Supervisor:}\vspace{0.35in}\\\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots\\{#1}\\
\fi
}
\newcommand\isjoint[1]{%
\edef\@tempa{#1}%
\def\@tempb{}%
\ifx\@tempa\@tempb
\else \\\underline{Joint Supervisor:}\vspace{0.35in}\\\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots\\{#1}\\
\fi
}
\newcommand\isalt[1]{%
\edef\@tempa{#1}%
\def\@tempb{}%
\ifx\@tempa\@tempb
\else \\\underline{Alternate Supervisor:}\vspace{0.35in}\\\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots\\{#1}\\
\fi
}
\newcommand\isdefinedsig[1]{%
\edef\@tempa{#1}%
\def\@tempb{}%
\ifx\@tempa\@tempb
\else \\ \dots\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots\\{#1}\\
\fi
}
\newcommand\isdefinedspinetitle[1]{%
\edef\@tempa{#1}%
\def\@tempb{}%
\ifx\@tempa\@tempb
\else (Spine title: #1)\\
\fi
}
\newcommand\coauthor[1]{%
\edef\@tempa{#1}%
\def\@tempb{}%
\ifx\@tempa\@tempb
\else \newpage \Large Co-Authorship Statement\normalsize\\\indent\\#1\\
\fi
}
\newcommand\acknowlege[1]{%
\edef\@tempa{#1}%
\def\@tempb{}%
\ifx\@tempa\@tempb
\else \newpage \Large Acknowlegements\normalsize\\\indent\\#1\newpage
\fi
}
%\renewcommand{\appendixtocname}{\Huge \textbf{List of Appendices} \normalsize}
\newcommand{\blank}{\hspace{-2mm}}
\newcommand{\super}{Dr...} %supervisor
% \newcommand{\superj}{Dr. A. Manning} %joint supervisor, if there is one, leave blank if not (lbin)... only one of the three.
\newcommand{\superc}{} %co-supervisor, if there is one, leave blank if not (lbin)
\newcommand{\supera}{} %alternate supervisor, if there is one, leave blank if not (lbin)
\newcommand{\sco}{Dr. A} %member of supervisory committee
\newcommand{\sct}{Dr. B} %other member of supervisory committee (lbin)
\newcommand{\examo}{Dr. C} %examining committee (up to four, if less leave blank)
\newcommand{\examt}{Dr. D}
\newcommand{\examth}{Dr. E}
\newcommand{\examf}{}
\newcommand{\department}{...}
\newcommand{\degree}{...}
\newcommand{\firstname}{...}
\newcommand{\middlename}{}
\newcommand{\lastname}{...}
%\renewcommand{\author}[1]{\ifx\empty#1\else\gdef\@author{#1}\fi}
\newcommand{\authorname}{{\firstname} {\middlename} {\lastname}}
\newcommand{\titl}{title...}
\newcommand{\spinetitle}{title...}%only if the above is more than 60 characters
\newcommand{\thesisformat}{Monograph} %or Integrated Article
\newcommand{\gyear}{\number\year}
\newcommand{\makecoauthor}{
%Type information about coauthorship here/
I would like to acknowlege my imaginary friend, Jummi for doing all the work.
}
\newcommand{\makeacknowlege} {
%Type in acknowlegements here
}
\newcommand{\listappendixname}{List of Appendices}
\newlistof{myappendices}{app}{\listappendixname}
\newcommand{\myappendices}[1]{%
\addcontentsline{app}{myappendices}{#1}\par}
\renewcommand{\maketitle}
{\begin{titlepage}
\setcounter{page}{1}
%% Set the line spacing to 1 for the title page.
%\begin{spacing}{1}
\begin{large}
\begin{center}
\mbox{}
\vfill
{\MakeUppercase{\titl}}\\
\isdefinedspinetitle{\spinetitle}
(Thesis format: \thesisformat)\\
\vfill
by \\
\vfill
{\firstname} \underline{\lastname}\\
\vfill
Graduate Program in {\department}\\
\vfill
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment\\
of the requirements for the degree of\\
\degree\\
\vfill
The School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies\\
The University of Western Ontario\\
London, Ontario, Canada\\
\vfill
{\copyright} {\authorname} {\gyear} \\
\vspace*{.2in}
\end{center}
\end{large}
% \end{spacing}
\end{titlepage}
}%\maketitle
\newcommand{\makecert}{%
\setcounter{page}{2}
\vfill
\begin{center}
\large
THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO\\
School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies\\
\vfill
\textbf{CERTIFICATE OF EXAMINATION}
\end{center}
\vfill
\begin{table}[ht]
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.5\linewidth} %tabular instead?
\begin{tabular}{l}
\underline{Supervisor:}\vspace{0.35in}
\isdefinedsig{\super}
\isco{\superc}
\isjoint{\superj}
\isalt{\supera}
\\
\underline{Supervisory Committee:}\vspace{0.35in}
\isdefinedsig{\sco}\vspace{0.15in}
\isdefinedsig{\sct}
\end{tabular}
\vfill
\end{minipage}
\hspace{0.5in}
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.5\linewidth}
\begin{tabular}{l}
\underline{Examiners:} \\\vspace{.5cm}
\isdefinedsig{\examo}\\
\isdefinedsig{\examt}\\
\isdefinedsig{\examth}\\
\isdefinedsig{\examf}
\end{tabular}
\vfill
\end{minipage}
\vfill
\end{table}
\vfill
\begin{center}
The thesis by \\ \vfill
\textbf{\firstname{} \middlename{} \underline{\lastname}}\\
\vfill
entitled:\\\vfill
\textbf{\titl}\\\vfill
is accepted in partial fulfillment of the \\
requirements for the degree of\\
\degree\\
\end{center}
\begin{table}[ht]
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.5\linewidth}
\begin{tabular}{l}
\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots\\
Date
\end{tabular}
\end{minipage}
\hspace{0.5in}
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.5\linewidth}
\begin{tabular}{l}
\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots\\
Chair of the Thesis Examination Board
\end{tabular}
\end{minipage}
\end{table}
}
\makeatother
\begin{document}
\doublespacing
%% *** NOTE ***
%% You should put all of your '\newcommand', '\newenvironment', and
%% '\newtheorem's (in other words, all the global definitions that you
%% will need throughout your thesis) in a separate file and use
%% "\input{filename}" to input it here.
%% This sets the page style and numbering for preliminary sections.
\begin{preliminary}
%% This generates the title page from the information given above.
\maketitle
\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Certificate of Examination}
\makecert
\newpage
% \addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Co-Authorship Statement}
% \coauthor{\makecoauthor} %comment this out if none
% \newpage
% \addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Acknowlegements}
% \acknowlege{\makeacknowlege} %as above
\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Abstract}
\Large\begin{center}\textbf{Abstract}\end{center}\normalsize
%% *** Put your Abstract here. ***
\vfill
\textbf{Keywords:} %put your keywords here%
\newpage
\tableofcontents\newpage
\newpage
\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{List of Figures}
\listoffigures
\newpage
\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{List of Tables}
\listoftables\newpage
% \addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{List of Appendices}
% \listofmyappendices\newpage
\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{List of Abbreviations, Symbols, and Nomenclature}
\large{List of Abbreviations, Symbols, and Nomenclature}
\normalsize
\newpage
\end{preliminary}
%% End of the preliminary sections: reset page style and numbering.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% %%
%% *** I M P O R T A N T *** %%
%% %%
%% Put your Chapters here; the easiest way to do this is to keep each %%
%% chapter in a separate file and \include all the files right here. %%
%% Note that each chapter file should start with the line %%
%% "\chapter{ChapterName}". Note that using "\include" instead of %%
%% "\input" makes each chapter start on a new page. %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\include{Introduction}
\include{Background}
\include{Related_Work}
\include{Methodology}
\include{Evaluation_and_results}
\include{Discussion_Future_Works}
%% This adds a line for the Bibliography in the Table of Contents.
\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Bibliography}
%% *** Set the bibliography style. ***
\bibliographystyle{plain} % (change according to your preference)
%%% *** Set the bibliography file. ***
\bibliography{westernthesis}{}
%% *** NOTE ***
%% If you don't use bibliography files, comment out the previous line
%% and use \begin{thebibliography}...\end{thebibliography}. (In that
%% case, you should probably put the bibliography in a separate file
%% and \include or \input it here).
% %Appendices.
% \begin{appendices}
% \include{appendixa}
% \end{appendices}
%CV only relevant stuff... not full CV.
\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Curriculum Vitae}
\chapter*{Curriculum Vitae}
\begin{table}[ht]
\begin{tabular}{ll}
\textbf{Name:} & name ...\\\\
\textbf{Post-Secondary} & university of ...\\
\textbf{Education and}& city ...\\
\textbf{Degrees:}& degree\\\\
\textbf{Honours and}& \\
\textbf{Awards:}& \\\\
\textbf{Related Work}& \\
\textbf{Experience:}& \\
\end{tabular}
\end{table}
% \subsubsection*{Publications:}
% La La
\end{document}
答案1
正如您所示，\superj已被使用但未定义。
该定义被注释掉了
% \newcommand{\superj}{Dr. A. Manning} %joint supervisor, if there is one, leave blank if not (lbin)... only one of the three.`
取消注释或使用
\newcommand{\superj}{}
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