如何在 tikz 中绘制流程图示例？

Question 1

另一个适用于pdfLaTeX引擎的基本解决方案是：

\documentclass[margin=3mm]{standalone}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta,
                backgrounds,
                fit,
                positioning}

\begin{document}
    \begin{tikzpicture}[
node distance = 7mm and 7mm,
     N/.style = {draw, draw=purple, fill=purple!30,
                 minimum size=5mm, inner sep =1mm}, 
  FIT/.style = {draw, draw=yellow, fill=yellow!30,
                inner sep=2mm, fit=#1},           
every edge/.append style = {-{Straight Barb[scale=0.8]}, semithick}
                        ]
\node[N]   (w11) {A};
\node[N, right=of w11]      (w12) {B};
\node[N, right=of w12]      (w13) {B};
%
    \begin{scope}[node distance = 7mm and 0mm]
\node[N, below right=of w11] (w21) {C};
\node[N, below right=of w12] (w22) {D};
%
\node[N, below right=of w21] (w31) {E};
    \end{scope}
%
    \begin{scope}[on background layer]
\node[FIT=(w11) (w13), label=left:$w1$] {};
\node[FIT=(w21) (w22), label=left:$w2$] {};
\node[FIT=(w31), label=left:$w3$] {};
    \end{scope}
\foreach \i in {1,2,3}
{   \draw   (w1\i) edge (w21);
    \draw   (w1\i) edge (w22);
 \ifnum\i<3
    \draw   (w2\i) edge (w31);
 \fi
}
    \end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

Answer

另一个适用于pdfLaTeX引擎的基本解决方案是：

\documentclass[margin=3mm]{standalone}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta,
                backgrounds,
                fit,
                positioning}

\begin{document}
    \begin{tikzpicture}[
node distance = 7mm and 7mm,
     N/.style = {draw, draw=purple, fill=purple!30,
                 minimum size=5mm, inner sep =1mm}, 
  FIT/.style = {draw, draw=yellow, fill=yellow!30,
                inner sep=2mm, fit=#1},           
every edge/.append style = {-{Straight Barb[scale=0.8]}, semithick}
                        ]
\node[N]   (w11) {A};
\node[N, right=of w11]      (w12) {B};
\node[N, right=of w12]      (w13) {B};
%
    \begin{scope}[node distance = 7mm and 0mm]
\node[N, below right=of w11] (w21) {C};
\node[N, below right=of w12] (w22) {D};
%
\node[N, below right=of w21] (w31) {E};
    \end{scope}
%
    \begin{scope}[on background layer]
\node[FIT=(w11) (w13), label=left:$w1$] {};
\node[FIT=(w21) (w22), label=left:$w2$] {};
\node[FIT=(w31), label=left:$w3$] {};
    \end{scope}
\foreach \i in {1,2,3}
{   \draw   (w1\i) edge (w21);
    \draw   (w1\i) edge (w22);
 \ifnum\i<3
    \draw   (w2\i) edge (w31);
 \fi
}
    \end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

Question 2

我认为，无需实现新内容的最自动化的方法是将graphs库与graphdrawing库（需要 Lua）及其layered子库相结合。

该语法使用名称及其文本来描述子布局。不幸的是，标签的实现有些简单，这就是为什么我使用（即，并且不会在任何地方显示）并使用一个好的旧方法为子布局添加标签。name / text[options] // …nametexttextsubgraph text nonew1w2w3label

看起来好像子布局添加得很晚，这意味着它们将覆盖任何包含节点和边。这就是为什么我给它们每个都赋予了一个可以在图片末尾访问的正确名称。

虽然可能还有破解节点操作对于这个简单的例子，将其放在与当前不同的层上，我将采用已尝试和测试的方法。

要了解更自动化的方法，请查看\tikzsimpleflowchart：

\tikzsimpleflowchart{{A, B, C, D, E}, {F, G, H}, {I}, {J, K}}

这将不允许...（例如A, ..., E），为此，还需要做更多的工作。

这ext.node-families图书馆允许您将所有子布局节点放在一个相同宽度的系列中，但这需要两次编译运行。

处理标签（或子布局的选项）时宏\cnt不可用，这就是我在最后一步添加它们的原因。

代码

\documentclass[tikz]{standalone}
\usetikzlibrary{graphdrawing, graphs, quotes, backgrounds}
\usetikzlibrary{ext.node-families}
\usegdlibrary{layered}
\pgfqkeys{/utils/count list}{.style 2 args={/utils/exec=\def#2{0},
  /utils/temp/.code=\edef#2{\pgfinteval{#2+1}},/utils/temp/.list={#1}}}
\tikzset{
  flowchart/nodes/.style={
    draw=blue!25!red, fill=blue!50!red!50,
    text width=width("$M$"), align=center},
  flowchart/boxes fg/.style={outer sep=+0pt, /tikz/node family/width=sublayout},
  flowchart/boxes bg/.style={draw=yellow!50!black, fill=yellow!20}}
\newcommand*\tikzsimpleflowchart[2][]{%
\begin{tikzpicture}[
  subgraph nodes={/tikz/flowchart/boxes fg},
  subgraph text none, label position=left,
  /utils/count list={#2}{\itemsinlist},#1]
\graph[math nodes, nodes={/tikz/flowchart/nodes}, layered layout]{
  \foreach[
    count=\cnt,
    remember=\listitem as \lastitem (initially )]\listitem in {#2}{
    w\cnt //[layered layout]{[parse/.expand once=\listitem]},
    {[parse/.expand once=\lastitem]}
      ->[complete bipartite]
        {[parse/.expand once=\listitem]}}};
\scoped[on background layer]\foreach \cnt in {1,...,\itemsinlist}
  \path[flowchart/boxes bg]
    (w\cnt.south west) rectangle (w\cnt.north east)
    [late options={name=w\cnt,label=$w_{\cnt}$}];
\end{tikzpicture}}

\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}[
  subgraph nodes={outer sep=+0pt},
  subgraph text none,
  label position=left]
\graph[
  math nodes,
  nodes={draw=blue!25!red, fill=blue!50!red!50},
  layered layout
]{
  w1["$w_1$"] //[layered layout] {A, B, C},
  w2["$w_2$"] //[layered layout] {D, E},
  w3["$w_3$"] //[layered layout] {F};
  {A, B, C} ->[complete bipartite] {D, E} -> F
};
\scoped[on background layer]\foreach \w in {1,...,3}
  \path[draw=yellow!50!black, fill=yellow!20]
    (w\w.south west) rectangle (w\w.north east);
\end{tikzpicture}
\tikzsimpleflowchart{{A, B, C, D, E}, {F, G, H}, {I}, {J, K}}
\end{document}

输出

Answer