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如何为出版物等制作更好看的表格？

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如何为出版物等制作更好看的表格？

在学习期间，我使用某些表格创建软件计算的标准表格基本可以满足需求。现在，我的教授敦促我以“类似出版物”的格式准备论文。

对我来说最困难的事情是创建美观的表格。

例如参见这个：

\begin{table}[h]
\scalebox{0.9}{
\begin{tabular}{@{}lccccc@{}}
\toprule
           & \multicolumn{1}{l}{}                                                                          & \multicolumn{4}{c}{Total economic damage (mUS\$)}                                                                                            \\ \midrule
           & \multicolumn{1}{l}{Risk factor}                                                               & \multicolumn{1}{l}{Upstream  Losses} & \multicolumn{1}{l}{Downstream Losses} & \multicolumn{1}{l}{Total  Losses} & \multicolumn{1}{l}{Ratio} \\ \midrule
Scenario 1 & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}Supervisory control \\ and data acquisition\\ network\end{tabular} & 23.221                               & 14.876                                & 38.097                            & 1.56                      \\
Scenario 2 & Cloud service failure                                                                         & 722                                  & 1.196                                 & 1.918                             & 0.60                      \\
Scenario 3 & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}Health sector and \\ hospitals\end{tabular}                        & 28.487                               & 10.771                                & 39.257                            & 2.64                      \\
Scenario 4 & Municipal services                                                                            & 23.257                               & 9.105                                 & 32.361                            & 2.55                      \\
Scenario 5 & Telecommunications                                                                            & 1.521                                & 1.593                                 & 3.113                             & 0.95                      \\
Scenario 6 & Cross-sector attack                                                                           & 34.879                               & 37.669                                & 72.458                            & 0.93                      \\ \bottomrule
\end{tabular}}
\caption{xxx}
\end{table}

在此处输入图片描述

对于学生论文来说，这看起来还不错。但是，我确实想努力让它看起来更专业。当查看它时，美学效果有点不对劲（例如，行/列之间的空间有时会根据分页符而变大/变小）。

我可以尝试哪些修复方法来实现此目的？

我将不胜感激任何帮助

答案1

我的建议是：

  • 只\multicolumn在真正需要的地方使用。在您的示例中，使用它来跨越单个列几乎没有意义（我真的想知道为什么这么多人突然这样做......我们应该责怪 ChatGPT 吗？）。
  • 嵌套表格也是一样，p这里最好选择列类型，这样也能解决单元格内行距过宽的问题。
  • 谈到列类型：既然您正在处理数字，为什么不尝试siunitx允许您很好地排列在小数点分隔符处对齐的数字的包（我知道，在这里这不是严格必要的，但也许对于其他用例，这是一个好主意）。
  • 仅在需要分组的列上绘制横跨最后四列的水平线。
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[margin=2cm]{geometry}
\usepackage{array, booktabs, siunitx}

\begin{document}
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.25}
\begin{tabular}{ @{} l >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{7em} *{4}{S[table-format=3.3]} @{} }
\toprule
    &   & \multicolumn{4}{c}{Total economic damage (mUS\$)} \\ 
\cmidrule{3-6}
    & {Risk Factor} & {Upstream Losses} & {Downstream Losses} & {Total Losses} & {Ratio} \\ 
\midrule
Scenario 1 & Supervisory control and data acquisition network 
        & 23.221  & 14.876  & 38.097  & 1.56  \\
Scenario 2 & Cloud service failure
        & 722.000 & 1.196   & 1.918   & 0.60  \\
Scenario 3 & Health sector and hospitals  
        & 28.487  & 10.771  & 39.257  & 2.64  \\
Scenario 4 & Municipal services 
        & 23.257  & 9.105   & 32.361  & 2.55  \\
Scenario 5 & Telecommunications
        & 1.521   & 1.593   & 3.113   & 0.95  \\
Scenario 6 & Cross-sector attack
        & 34.879  & 37.669  & 72.458  & 0.93  \\ 
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{document}

在此处输入图片描述

如果允许在列标题中使用换行符，则对齐效果可能会有所改善（感谢 barbara beeton 的提示）：

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[margin=2cm]{geometry}
\usepackage{array, booktabs, siunitx}

\NewDocumentCommand{\headercell}{ O{4.5em} m }{
    \begin{tabular}{ @{} >{\centering\arraybackslash}p{#1} @{} } 
        #2
    \end{tabular}
}

\begin{document}
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.25}
\begin{tabular}{ @{} l >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{9em} *{4}{S[table-format=3.3]} @{} }
\toprule
    &   & \multicolumn{4}{c}{Total economic damage (mUS\$)} \\ 
\cmidrule{3-6}
    & Risk Factor & {\headercell{Upstream Losses}} & {\headercell[5.5em]{Downstream Losses}} & {\headercell[3em]{Total Losses}} & {Ratio} \\ 
\midrule
Scenario 1 & Supervisory control and data acquisition network 
        & 23.221  & 14.876  & 38.097  & 1.56  \\
Scenario 2 & Cloud service failure
        & 722.000 & 1.196   & 1.918   & 0.60  \\
Scenario 3 & Health sector and hospitals  
        & 28.487  & 10.771  & 39.257  & 2.64  \\
Scenario 4 & Municipal services 
        & 23.257  & 9.105   & 32.361  & 2.55  \\
Scenario 5 & Telecommunications
        & 1.521   & 1.593   & 3.113   & 0.95  \\
Scenario 6 & Cross-sector attack
        & 34.879  & 37.669  & 72.458  & 0.93  \\ 
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{document}

在此处输入图片描述

在这里，你实际上也可以使用单元格\multicolumn宏（在此上下文中创建自定义宏需要\NewExpandableDocumentCommand)：

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{array, booktabs, siunitx}

\NewExpandableDocumentCommand{\headercell}{ O{4.5em} m }{
    \multicolumn{1}{ >{\centering\arraybackslash}b{#1} }{#2}
} 

\begin{document}
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.25}
\begin{tabular}{ @{} l >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{9em} *{4}{S[table-format=3.3]} @{} }
\toprule
    &   & \multicolumn{4}{c}{Total economic damage (mUS\$)} \\ 
\cmidrule{3-6}
    & Risk Factor & \headercell{Upstream Losses} & \headercell[5.5em]{Downstream Losses} & \headercell[3em]{Total Losses} & {Ratio} \\ 
\midrule
Scenario 1 & Supervisory control and data acquisition network 
        & 23.221  & 14.876  & 38.097  & 1.56  \\
Scenario 2 & Cloud service failure
        & 722.000 & 1.196   & 1.918   & 0.60  \\
Scenario 3 & Health sector and hospitals  
        & 28.487  & 10.771  & 39.257  & 2.64  \\
Scenario 4 & Municipal services 
        & 23.257  & 9.105   & 32.361  & 2.55  \\
Scenario 5 & Telecommunications
        & 1.521   & 1.593   & 3.113   & 0.95  \\
Scenario 6 & Cross-sector attack
        & 34.879  & 37.669  & 72.458  & 0.93  \\ 
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{document}

在此处输入图片描述

最后，使用 amazing 包的方法tabularray：

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[margin=2cm]{geometry}
\usepackage{tabularray}
\UseTblrLibrary{booktabs, siunitx}

\begin{document}
\begin{tblr}{ 
    % define columns Q[em] is like >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{9em}
    colspec = { l Q[9em] *{4}{S[table-format=3.3]} },
    % disable siunitx from header rows 
    row{1-2} = {guard},
    % colsep to zero in outer columns, @{} in traditional column definition
    column{1} = {leftsep = 0pt},
    column{Z} = {rightsep = 0pt},
    % set \arraystretch
    stretch = 1.25,
    % set cell 1-3 to multicol
    cell{1}{3} = {c = 4}{c},
    % set vertical alignment of second row to bottom
    cell{2}{1-Z} = {f},
    % set horizontal alignment of header cells of last four columns to center
    cell{2}{3-Z} = {c}
}
\toprule
    &   & Total economic damage (mUS\$) \\
\cmidrule{3-6}
    & Risk Factor & {Upstream \\ Losses} & {Downstream \\ Losses} & {Total \\ Losses} & Ratio \\ 
\midrule
Scenario 1 & Supervisory control and data acquisition network 
        & 23.221  & 14.876  & 38.097  & 1.56  \\
Scenario 2 & Cloud service failure
        & 722.000 & 1.196   & 1.918   & 0.60  \\
Scenario 3 & Health sector and hospitals  
        & 28.487  & 10.771  & 39.257  & 2.64  \\
Scenario 4 & Municipal services 
        & 23.257  & 9.105   & 32.361  & 2.55  \\
Scenario 5 & Telecommunications
        & 1.521   & 1.593   & 3.113   & 0.95  \\
Scenario 6 & Cross-sector attack
        & 34.879  & 37.669  & 72.458  & 0.93  \\ 
\bottomrule
\end{tblr}
\end{document}

在此处输入图片描述

答案2

与 Jasper Habicht (+1) 提出的表格相同，但用{NiceTabular}构建nicematrix。

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{nicematrix, booktabs, siunitx}

\begin{document}
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.25}
\begin{NiceTabular}{ @{} l p[l]{9em} *{4}{S[table-format=3.3]} @{} }
\toprule
    &   & \Block{1-4}{Total economic damage (mUS\$)} \\ 
\cmidrule{3-6}
    & Risk Factor 
    & \Block[b]{}{Upstream\\ Losses} 
    & \Block[b]{}{Downstream\\ Losses} 
    & \Block[b]{}{Total\\ Losses} & {Ratio} \\ 
\midrule
Scenario 1 & Supervisory control and data acquisition network 
        & 23.221  & 14.876  & 38.097  & 1.56  \\
Scenario 2 & Cloud service failure
        & 722.000 & 1.196   & 1.918   & 0.60  \\
Scenario 3 & Health sector and hospitals  
        & 28.487  & 10.771  & 39.257  & 2.64  \\
Scenario 4 & Municipal services 
        & 23.257  & 9.105   & 32.361  & 2.55  \\
Scenario 5 & Telecommunications
        & 1.521   & 1.593   & 3.113   & 0.95  \\
Scenario 6 & Cross-sector attack
        & 34.879  & 37.669  & 72.458  & 0.93  \\ 
\bottomrule
\end{NiceTabular}
\end{document}

上述代码的输出

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