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\language@active@arg< 的参数有一个额外的 }

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\language@active@arg< 的参数有一个额外的 }

我有小的MWE：

  \batchmode
  \documentclass[twoside]{book}
  \usepackage[spanish]{babel}
\begin{document}
\chapter{Referencia \texorpdfstring{$<$}{<} }
\end{document}

这会导致（使用 pdflatex）出现错误：

! Argument of \language@active@arg> has an extra }.
<inserted text>
                \par
l.5 \chapter{Referencia \texorpdfstring{$<$}{<} }

I've run across a `}' that doesn't seem to match anything.
For example, `\def\a#1{...}' and `\a}' would produce
this error. If you simply proceed now, the `\par' that
I've just inserted will cause me to report a runaway
argument that might be the root of the problem. But if
your `}' was spurious, just type `2' and it will go away.

Runaway argument?
! Paragraph ended before \language@active@arg> was complete.
<to be read again>
                   \par
l.5 \chapter{Referencia \texorpdfstring{$<$}{<} }

I suspect you've forgotten a `}', causing me to apply this
control sequence to too much text. How can we recover?
My plan is to forget the whole thing and hope for the best.
...

关于如何以一般方式解决这个问题有什么建议吗？（问题也出现在其他字符上textorpdfstring）

答案1

嗯...你把 MWE 降低太多了。你不应该hyperref也加载吗？无论如何，<在西班牙语 babel 中默认处于活动状态。我的解决方案（假设我无论如何都使用 unicode/utf8 编码）是始终使用：

\documentclass[twoside]{book}
  \usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
  \usepackage[spanish, es-noshorthands, shorthands=off]{babel}
  \usepackage{hyperref}
\begin{document}
\chapter{Referencia \texorpdfstring{$<$}{<} }
\end{document}

这几乎在任何地方都有效。

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