如何使用 Tikz/pgfplots 重现这些图像？

Question

我对 Latex 和 Tikz 还很陌生，我正在尝试重现这两幅图像：

以下是我目前得到的全部信息：

\documentclass{article}

\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{pgfplots}

\begin{document}

Words

\section{section name here}
Words

\begin{figure}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\draw (6,0) arc [radius=5, start angle=120, end angle= 90];<br>
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption{Caption 1 here}
\end{figure}

More words
\begin{figure}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\draw [->] (0,0) -- (2,0); 
\draw (3.5,0.5) circle [radius=1];
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption{Caption 2 here}
\end{figure}

\end{document}

不过，我不确定如何将点放在线上、弯曲的箭头上或者其中的字母上。

我将非常感激您的帮助，谢谢。

Answer 1

这应该可以帮助您入门。我主要使用该decorations.markings库进行定位。您可能需要查看强大的 PGF 手册的第 48.5 节以获取更多信息。

\documentclass{article}

\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{decorations.markings}
\begin{document}

\begin{tikzpicture}[every node/.style={font=\tiny\itshape},decoration={markings, 
  mark=between positions .1 and .9 step 8mm with {\draw[fill=white](0,0) circle (1pt);},
  mark=at position .1 with {\node[yshift=-3pt]{x};},
  mark=at position .41 with {\node[yshift=-4pt]{y};},
  mark=at position .71 with {\node[yshift=-3pt]{z};},
  mark=between positions .39 and .9 step 8mm with {\arrow{stealth}},
  mark=at position .2 with {\node[yshift=5pt]{s};},
  mark=at position .5 with {\node[yshift=5pt]{t};}
}]
\draw[postaction={decorate}] (6,0) arc [radius=5, start angle=120, end angle= 90];
\end{tikzpicture}

\begin{tikzpicture}[every node/.style={font=\tiny\itshape}]
\draw [postaction=decorate,-stealth,decoration={
  markings,
  mark=at position .05 with {\node[font=\bfseries\small,yshift=-5pt]{R};},
  mark=at position .2 with {\draw[fill=black](0,0) circle (1pt);},
  mark=at position .8 with {\draw[fill=white](0,0) circle (1pt);},
  mark=at position .95 with {\node[yshift=-4pt]{t};}}, 
] (0,0) -- (2,0); 
\draw[-stealth] (1,.5)  to[bend left=30] (2.2,1.1) node[xshift=-.8cm]{$\phi$};
\draw (3.5,0.5) circle [radius=1];
\draw[postaction=decorate,decoration={
  markings,
  mark=at position .2 with {\draw[fill=black](0,0) circle (1pt);},
  mark=at position .2 with {\node[xshift=-4pt]{x};},
  mark=at position .8 with {\draw[fill=white](0,0) circle (1pt);},
  mark=at position .8 with {\node[yshift=4pt]{$g^{t}x$};}}
] (2.8,.5)  to[bend left=30] (3.7,1);
\node[font=\scriptsize\itshape] at(4,-.1){M};
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

Answer 2

该解决方案与 dcmst 的解决方案类似，但使用了更多的样式，因此图片本身的代码更少。

\documentclass[tikz,border=50]{standalone}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usetikzlibrary{decorations.markings}
\tikzset{
  >=latex,
  every to/.style={bend left},
  every point/.style = {circle, inner sep={.75\pgflinewidth}, opacity=1, draw, solid, fill=white},
  point/.style={insert path={node[every point, #1]{}}},
  at/.style 2 args = {
    decoration={markings, mark=at position #1 with {#2}},
    postaction={decorate}
  },
  pt at/.style args={#1"#2"#3}{at={#1}{\node[point=#3,above]{#2};}},
  arrpt at/.style args={#1"#2"}{at={#1}{\arrow{>}\node[point,below right]{#2};}}
}
\begin{document}
  \begin{tikzpicture}[thick]
    \draw[pt at=.2""black, pt at=.7"", ->]
      (0,0) node[below]{$\mathbb{R}$} -- (1.5,0) node[below]{$t$};
    \draw (4,1) circle (1.5cm) node[below right=5mm]{$M$};
    \draw[->] (.5,.5) to node[above]{$\varphi$}(2.2,1.5);
    \draw[pt at=.3"$x$"black,pt at=.7"$g_t{x}$"] (3,1) to (5,1.5);
    \draw[arrpt at=.2"$x$",arrpt at=.5"$y$",arrpt at=.8"$z$"] (0,2) to (3,4);
  \end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}