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如何使用 SED 或 AWK 将模板文件中的占位符替换为包含特殊字符的可变内容？

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如何使用 SED 或 AWK 将模板文件中的占位符替换为包含特殊字符的可变内容？

CentOS 6.3

我正在尝试获取一个小脚本来发送一封电子邮件，其中包含正文中的电子邮件标题副本（用于内部报告的目的）。

模板文件包含以下内容：

Alert Report

Alert has triggered at TMPDATE

HEADERS
-------
TMPHEADERS

SOURCE IP
---------
TMPSOURCEIP

我希望我的脚本能够查找“TMP”占位符，并将其替换为与警报相关的实际信息。

日期和源 IP 变量似乎工作正常，但如果/当我尝试查找/替换 TMPHEADERS 时，它会导致奇怪的症状，包括整个输出为空白。我相当确定它与包含大量特殊字符（@ % 等）的标题有关。

有人可以建议如何通过 bash 最好地完成此任务吗？

我当前的代码如下所示：

cat /test/emailtemplate | sed s/TMPHEADERS/"$HEADERS"/ > /test/output

更新

根据请求，这是我尝试插入到模板文件中的一组标头示例（IP 地址和电子邮件地址已更改以保护无辜者:-)）：

From [email protected] Thu Apr 25 20:18:19 2013
Return-Path: <[email protected]>
Received: from nm30-vm0.bullet.mail.ne1.yahoo.com (nm30-vm0.bullet.mail.ne1.yahoo.com [98.138.11.36])
by serv.example.com (8.14.4/8.14.4) with ESMTP id r3Q3IJVV009411
for <[email protected]>; Thu, 25 Apr 2013 20:18:19 -0700
Received: from [108.108.108.108] by nm30.bullet.mail.ne1.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 26 Apr 2013 03:18:19 -0000
Received: from [98.138.87.11] by tm15.bullet.mail.ne1.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 26 Apr 2013 03:18:17 -0000
Received: from [127.0.0.1] by omp1001.mail.ne1.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 26 Apr 2013 03:18:17 -0000
X-Yahoo-Newman-Property: ymail-3
X-Yahoo-Newman-Id: [email protected]
Received: (qmail 29701 invoked by uid 65501); 26 Apr 2013 03:18:17 -0000
DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=yahoo.com; s=s1024; t=1366946297; bh=yjMzVONHAyJxQob7tLNdIN2RpfGHWVw1Kb5Qr+enYF8=; h=X-YMail-OSG:Received:X-Rocket-MIMEInfo:X-Mailer:Message-ID:Date:From:Reply-To:Subject:To:MIME-Version:Content-Type; b=CQGilBx8NertE4j75dsfsdfs+IKRzIx5vlH5YdzqFLd4ThfEyMs11sdfsdfsdXsAH1yteACnwSER+QXJQ80BfLGbJnIWm+29I8A4geOPIHGKoOUCnPaD+/0bHfAps0JIcwEju8Tcvg4VDVWw=
DomainKey-Signature:a=rsa-sha1; q=dns; c=nofws;
s=s1024; d=yahoo.com;
h=X-YMail-OSG:Received:X-Rocket-MIMEInfo:X-Mailer:Message-ID:Date:From:Reply-To:Subject:To:MIME-Version:Content-Type;
b=5TIRL55VM2J2lPLsX9iCE4sdlkfjlEM2245M6qzg1oGrnZd61ykL4xQSsc3cYNz95fwNy67aRRC89n6xcti28ee5rjmlK0MDIskSB5sKlv165mNjmzF1LNx6uFXalI8QGSwiQt2uWLYvI7RrTVeZFELDfFVZyqygEl5k=;
X-YMail-OSG: EDT4ym4VM1lVQMdtAQ5zqfE59jR1Mtip4vVL1fBzNxFdGvA
YjAJ3MXC1EusloknrsPx3drxzR1b4PFErK.UhdgWePhK7TTCHhhju4XP4i7x
76WASceqp77T5itvZmilv5UuICJw3BCEd0fdADctfBYhLNwoALxjp6cnJMmE
Z4dYVtlp5vUFqg1pHxqGOXqrtjeZffM4dMftnn.Q8LlVEkj3pZ6ZJV_kKFtj
vGEGS5PAW0tIHWPEqVERYzmDOfF5sVSQLayPi6EM_i1OE038434laijEWbH0
nZt1Vkg3syO0t1BaTLN4B1bXeS8cv3GlbLO4ot7zVwA3sH4UhsC5M6xiWNFU
3iroObJ5BObL99VO3ktvC4KzekAWJ_fE85TQJhQKj6Iolgb4xlWa2x414xuA
awO4pJI9grDjycUcmhmKwLZEt_.0OBLfSi5MSviaiCNMuU5qIdHm7VCGdORP
Mc68rDkpmJE9I9Z.QZfhH5cFxqqmpyIOMTs0iIBGYz5d9QHMWCuo-
Received: from [102.102.102.102] by web12341105.mail.ne1.yahoo.com via HTTP; Thu, 25 Apr 2013 20:18:17 PDT
X-Rocket-MIMEInfo: 002.001,VGVzdGluZyAxMjMgTGEgbGEgbGEBMAEBAQE-
X-Mailer: YahooMailWebService/0.8.141.536
Message-ID: <[email protected]>
Date: Thu, 25 Apr 2013 20:18:17 -0700 (PDT)
From: Test Account <[email protected]>
Reply-To: Test Account <[email protected]>
Subject: Test
To: "[email protected]" <[email protected]>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="102743210-1541163991-1366946297=:49149"

答案1

这在 sed 中很困难，因为在 中sed s/TMPHEADERS/"$HEADERS"/，变量的值在命令到达 sed 之前被 shell 替换，因此&\/出现在 中的字符$HEADERS在替换文本中具有特殊含义。 Sed 没有变量查找功能。

使用 awk 来完成这项任务相当容易。HEADERS在环境中传递变量：

export HEADERS
</test/emailtemplate awk '
    {gsub(/^TMPHEADERS$/, environ["HEADERS"]); print}
' > /test/output

或作为 awk 变量：

</test/emailtemplate awk -v HEADERS="$HEADERS" '
    {gsub(/^TMPHEADERS$/, HEADERS); print}
' > /test/output

答案2

有几种可能：

sed 您必须转义“$HEADERS”中的每个字符才能使 sed 调用安全。

HEADERS_ESCAPED="$(echo "$HEADERS" | sed -n 's/./\\&/gp')"
# double-useless use of cat BTW
sed "s/TMPHEADERS/$HEADERS_ESCAPED/" /test/emailtemplate > /test/output

顺便说一句：绝对没有理由为每个更改调用一次 sed ：

sed -n -e s/X/"$X"/ -e s/Y/"$Y" -e s/Z/"$Z"/ -e p inputfile > outputfile

bash 本身

while IFS= read -r line; do
  line="${line/TMPDATE/"$TMPDATE"}"
  # ...
  line="${line/TMPHEADERS/"$HEADERS"}"
  printf '%s\n' "$line"
done <inputfile >outputfile

答案3

我不确定我明白你想做什么。例如，如果您想将字符串替换TMPHEADERS为您发布的一长串标题信息，则此 Perl 解决方案可以做到这一点：

perl -e 'open(A,"header"); ## open the header file
         $h=join("",<A>); ## save its contents in a string
         while(<>){ ## go through the input file
            s/TMPHEADERS/$h/; ## replace
            print        ## print each line
         }' template

该文件template是您的问题的模板，并且该文件header具有您发布的标题行。结果是

Alert Report

Alert has triggered at TMPDATE

HEADERS
-------
From [email protected] Thu Apr 25 20:18:19 2013
Return-Path: <[email protected]>
Received: from nm30-vm0.bullet.mail.ne1.yahoo.com (nm30-vm0.bullet.mail.ne1.yahoo.com [98.138.11.36])
by serv.example.com (8.14.4/8.14.4) with ESMTP id r3Q3IJVV009411
for <[email protected]>; Thu, 25 Apr 2013 20:18:19 -0700
Received: from [108.108.108.108] by nm30.bullet.mail.ne1.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 26 Apr 2013 03:18:19 -0000
Received: from [98.138.87.11] by tm15.bullet.mail.ne1.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 26 Apr 2013 03:18:17 -0000
Received: from [127.0.0.1] by omp1001.mail.ne1.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 26 Apr 2013 03:18:17 -0000
X-Yahoo-Newman-Property: ymail-3
X-Yahoo-Newman-Id: [email protected]
Received: (qmail 29701 invoked by uid 65501); 26 Apr 2013 03:18:17 -0000
DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=yahoo.com; s=s1024; t=1366946297; bh=yjMzVONHAyJxQob7tLNdIN2RpfGHWVw1Kb5Qr+enYF8=; h=X-YMail-OSG:Received:X-Rocket-MIMEInfo:X-Mailer:Message-ID:Date:From:Reply-To:Subject:To:MIME-Version:Content-Type; b=CQGilBx8NertE4j75dsfsdfs+IKRzIx5vlH5YdzqFLd4ThfEyMs11sdfsdfsdXsAH1yteACnwSER+QXJQ80BfLGbJnIWm+29I8A4geOPIHGKoOUCnPaD+/0bHfAps0JIcwEju8Tcvg4VDVWw=
DomainKey-Signature:a=rsa-sha1; q=dns; c=nofws;
s=s1024; d=yahoo.com;
h=X-YMail-OSG:Received:X-Rocket-MIMEInfo:X-Mailer:Message-ID:Date:From:Reply-To:Subject:To:MIME-Version:Content-Type;
b=5TIRL55VM2J2lPLsX9iCE4sdlkfjlEM2245M6qzg1oGrnZd61ykL4xQSsc3cYNz95fwNy67aRRC89n6xcti28ee5rjmlK0MDIskSB5sKlv165mNjmzF1LNx6uFXalI8QGSwiQt2uWLYvI7RrTVeZFELDfFVZyqygEl5k=;
X-YMail-OSG: EDT4ym4VM1lVQMdtAQ5zqfE59jR1Mtip4vVL1fBzNxFdGvA
YjAJ3MXC1EusloknrsPx3drxzR1b4PFErK.UhdgWePhK7TTCHhhju4XP4i7x
76WASceqp77T5itvZmilv5UuICJw3BCEd0fdADctfBYhLNwoALxjp6cnJMmE
Z4dYVtlp5vUFqg1pHxqGOXqrtjeZffM4dMftnn.Q8LlVEkj3pZ6ZJV_kKFtj
vGEGS5PAW0tIHWPEqVERYzmDOfF5sVSQLayPi6EM_i1OE038434laijEWbH0
nZt1Vkg3syO0t1BaTLN4B1bXeS8cv3GlbLO4ot7zVwA3sH4UhsC5M6xiWNFU
3iroObJ5BObL99VO3ktvC4KzekAWJ_fE85TQJhQKj6Iolgb4xlWa2x414xuA
awO4pJI9grDjycUcmhmKwLZEt_.0OBLfSi5MSviaiCNMuU5qIdHm7VCGdORP
Mc68rDkpmJE9I9Z.QZfhH5cFxqqmpyIOMTs0iIBGYz5d9QHMWCuo-
Received: from [102.102.102.102] by web12341105.mail.ne1.yahoo.com via HTTP; Thu, 25 Apr 2013 20:18:17 PDT
X-Rocket-MIMEInfo: 002.001,VGVzdGluZyAxMjMgTGEgbGEgbGEBMAEBAQE-
X-Mailer: YahooMailWebService/0.8.141.536
Message-ID: <[email protected]>
Date: Thu, 25 Apr 2013 20:18:17 -0700 (PDT)
From: Test Account <[email protected]>
Reply-To: Test Account <[email protected]>
Subject: Test
To: "[email protected]" <[email protected]>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="102743210-1541163991-1366946297=:49149"


SOURCE IP
---------
TMPSOURCEIP

您可以将其扩展为两组标头，如下所示：

perl -e 'open(A,"header1");
         $h1=join("",<A>);
         open(B,"header2");
         $h2=join("",<B>);
         while(<>){
            s/TMPHEADERS/$h1/;
            s/TMPSOURCEIP/$h2/;
            print        
         }' template

答案4

使用宏处理器将和m4替换为命令行上定义的内容以及文件中的内容。模板位于.TMPSOURCEIPTMPDATETMPHEADERSheaders.txttemplate.txt

$ m4 -DTMPDATE="$(date)" -DTMPSOURCEIP="1.1.1.1" -DTMPHEADERS='include(headers.txt)' template.txt
Alert Report

Alert has triggered at Mon Sep 25 18:46:34 CEST 2017

HEADERS
-------
From [email protected] Thu Apr 25 20:18:19 2013
Return-Path: <[email protected]>
Received: from nm30-vm0.bullet.mail.ne1.yahoo.com (nm30-vm0.bullet.mail.ne1.yahoo.com [98.138.11.36])
by serv.example.com (8.14.4/8.14.4) with ESMTP id r3Q3IJVV009411
(etc.)


SOURCE IP
---------
1.1.1.1

如果变量中已有标题，显然可以替换-DTMPHEADERS='include(headers.txt)'为-DTMPHEADERS="$headers".

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