我正在尝试使用 StartSSL 证书设置 Nginx (1.4.6-1ubuntu3.1)。我一直在关注文档使其工作，但 Nginx 只提供服务证书，而不是中间证书。
我的服务器配置：
server {
server_name lanzz.org www.lanzz.org;
root /var/www/lanzz.org/public;
index index.html;
include listen.conf;
ssl_certificate /etc/ssl/nginx/lanzz.org.chained.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/ssl/nginx/lanzz.org.key;
}
我的证书包（/etc/ssl/nginx/lanzz.org.chained.pem）：
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
MIIGMzCCBRugAwIBAgIDE5WyMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBCwUAMIGMMQswCQYDVQQGEwJJ
TDEWMBQGA1UEChMNU3RhcnRDb20gTHRkLjErMCkGA1UECxMiU2VjdXJlIERpZ2l0
YWwgQ2VydGlmaWNhdGUgU2lnbmluZzE4MDYGA1UEAxMvU3RhcnRDb20gQ2xhc3Mg
MSBQcmltYXJ5IEludGVybWVkaWF0ZSBTZXJ2ZXIgQ0EwHhcNMTQxMDE0MTMzNjI1
WhcNMTUxMDE1MTUzODI3WjBKMQswCQYDVQQGEwJHQjEWMBQGA1UEAxMNd3d3Lmxh
bnp6Lm9yZzEjMCEGCSqGSIb3DQEJARYUcG9zdG1hc3RlckBsYW56ei5vcmcwggEi
MA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4IBDwAwggEKAoIBAQCs8AMEaHFRZ4S3gGYhDJg05vj3
EadGIi29EJf5iW1YwKduuA62Zv9D2JGh2FCBJDBTswefxFbs2v/HHdP70gr0l669
Vz47RUJgn6xH13xEnVv5btQfPtioLQJNwLnBDR3ycw+9I/CGq+/BmStXBT2fTlDp
7FlDaemkc/mjd4TM6DBL0mfsAfqcSA4GHgQraJSwMyRGn3lon02mOWsDso6nTMEt
QYmCvYoM7wVtiBxKGP9Q6Nz3s5Ouc1U7mxKxuLNIO5ZeT+zocW7HQXk1sGal/Hxi
Y+Us/SsmcDAvqvI9f44Xe4StMfPDBphEDrOvJt9/zuDu8SNMnEA1cqZHGQFVAgMB
AAGjggLdMIIC2TAJBgNVHRMEAjAAMAsGA1UdDwQEAwIDqDATBgNVHSUEDDAKBggr
BgEFBQcDATAdBgNVHQ4EFgQUiw5c8ahxug4Ltshgeob3+CjaFSAwHwYDVR0jBBgw
FoAU60I00Jiwq5/0G2sI98xkLu8OLEUwIwYDVR0RBBwwGoINd3d3Lmxhbnp6Lm9y
Z4IJbGFuenoub3JnMIIBVgYDVR0gBIIBTTCCAUkwCAYGZ4EMAQIBMIIBOwYLKwYB
BAGBtTcBAgMwggEqMC4GCCsGAQUFBwIBFiJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnN0YXJ0c3NsLmNv
bS9wb2xpY3kucGRmMIH3BggrBgEFBQcCAjCB6jAnFiBTdGFydENvbSBDZXJ0aWZp
Y2F0aW9uIEF1dGhvcml0eTADAgEBGoG+VGhpcyBjZXJ0aWZpY2F0ZSB3YXMgaXNz
dWVkIGFjY29yZGluZyB0byB0aGUgQ2xhc3MgMSBWYWxpZGF0aW9uIHJlcXVpcmVt
ZW50cyBvZiB0aGUgU3RhcnRDb20gQ0EgcG9saWN5LCByZWxpYW5jZSBvbmx5IGZv
ciB0aGUgaW50ZW5kZWQgcHVycG9zZSBpbiBjb21wbGlhbmNlIG9mIHRoZSByZWx5
aW5nIHBhcnR5IG9ibGlnYXRpb25zLjA1BgNVHR8ELjAsMCqgKKAmhiRodHRwOi8v
Y3JsLnN0YXJ0c3NsLmNvbS9jcnQxLWNybC5jcmwwgY4GCCsGAQUFBwEBBIGBMH8w
OQYIKwYBBQUHMAGGLWh0dHA6Ly9vY3NwLnN0YXJ0c3NsLmNvbS9zdWIvY2xhc3Mx
L3NlcnZlci9jYTBCBggrBgEFBQcwAoY2aHR0cDovL2FpYS5zdGFydHNzbC5jb20v
Y2VydHMvc3ViLmNsYXNzMS5zZXJ2ZXIuY2EuY3J0MCMGA1UdEgQcMBqGGGh0dHA6
Ly93d3cuc3RhcnRzc2wuY29tLzANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQsFAAOCAQEAEom5lVxCbfu9
3K+BuowfCgTyA4keiQcYmTUJYXRBV9OiFUc/V5tXyhmgdyYeJB3oKMaEQ3glClZm
ueXUkALhaIlEzXjoNZgOh/bdbBPwfOq2WMBaWJbXX3x4C77s52zPBbkqhsBq5nge
1YDho1Z7tVYe8iyqBPUIFq0//LfGVAMoR7ZSwVpUgeiWs3oVKQMyR2BzrNSq392L
f8kIdIQ8fTgomtCZ2F2qp8EBIxl6G4UVpeN3Nes9UODpdNeG6lzLoSvYsVX+eWXx
3m29Aem42vlMhtQL1dtahb71nTY26qWAG337fwQoRxAXht3vSs0HhdUEHyGQGsuu
k+fcnm/wiQ==
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
输出自openssl s_client -connect lanzz.org:443：
CONNECTED(00000003)
depth=0 C = GB, CN = www.lanzz.org, emailAddress = [email protected]
verify error:num=20:unable to get local issuer certificate
verify return:1
depth=0 C = GB, CN = www.lanzz.org, emailAddress = [email protected]
verify error:num=27:certificate not trusted
verify return:1
depth=0 C = GB, CN = www.lanzz.org, emailAddress = [email protected]
verify error:num=21:unable to verify the first certificate
verify return:1
---
Certificate chain
0 s:/C=GB/CN=www.lanzz.org/[email protected]
i:/C=IL/O=StartCom Ltd./OU=Secure Digital Certificate Signing/CN=StartCom Class 1 Primary Intermediate Server CA
---
Server certificate
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
subject=/C=GB/CN=www.lanzz.org/[email protected]
issuer=/C=IL/O=StartCom Ltd./OU=Secure Digital Certificate Signing/CN=StartCom Class 1 Primary Intermediate Server CA
---
No client certificate CA names sent
---
SSL handshake has read 2256 bytes and written 451 bytes
---
New, TLSv1/SSLv3, Cipher is ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA
Server public key is 2048 bit
Secure Renegotiation IS supported
Compression: NONE
Expansion: NONE
SSL-Session:
Protocol : TLSv1
Cipher : ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA
Session-ID: 958F818087118CA5F3344796B13FD463097B08ACF4F5497A3AD7A40D550FA155
Session-ID-ctx:
Master-Key: 3AB94A204BF8E30BEDC615832E7DD5B2347458A6324A85C8C02BD441AF9F39BA09191BEB85A5F40ED99049013A51F7AB
Key-Arg : None
PSK identity: None
PSK identity hint: None
SRP username: None
TLS session ticket lifetime hint: 300 (seconds)
TLS session ticket:
0000 - 27 5f 93 a2 81 ed c3 e7-ba 41 27 0f 8f 95 be f5 '_.......A'.....
0010 - 68 a6 7a 8b 1a 84 71 6a-00 cd ec 94 fc 3f 2c 64 h.z...qj.....?,d
0020 - d8 b1 19 76 ba 8e ff e6-97 39 89 fb 1d 69 47 4a ...v.....9...iGJ
0030 - b3 40 96 a5 30 9e c6 b6-79 7f 93 36 02 31 4d 16 [email protected].
0040 - 2b d9 d6 0b 3c a9 07 10-63 af 89 b2 19 0e ac b3 +...<...c.......
0050 - 3f c2 41 df f5 23 62 5c-11 d8 f6 be 55 1e e2 74 ?.A..#b\....U..t
0060 - 6c 4f cd ba 72 e1 a1 f7-b4 fb d1 19 6d 33 d5 63 lO..r.......m3.c
0070 - d6 94 a0 e6 e5 0c 33 e4-67 e3 49 fe fc b1 d5 25 ......3.g.I....%
0080 - 9d d7 d3 72 b4 fb 5a 1f-6e 7f 5e 4b 41 21 3a d5 ...r..Z.n.^KA!:.
0090 - 37 ef 4a b4 35 2d 14 bd-29 77 6d c5 6c c5 3c a4 7.J.5-..)wm.l.<.
Start Time: 1422525959
Timeout : 300 (sec)
Verify return code: 21 (unable to verify the first certificate)
---
如您所见，链中只有一个证书，中间件不由 Nginx 提供服务。
我已经验证了 Nginx 看到的是正确的包，因为如果我将服务器证书与中间证书交换，我做SSL_CTX_use_PrivateKey_file请参阅文档中提到的预期错误。当我按正确的顺序放置它们时，启动时没有错误，请求时也没有错误，但 SSL 会话中没有中间证书。
该链是正确的，因为我已验证已有中间证书的浏览器将接受服务器证书，并且我已经验证我在浏览器中看到的中间证书和服务器证书的指纹与我在服务器上捆绑包中获得的证书的指纹相匹配。
我完全不知所措，不知道还能尝试什么。我思考一切都按书上说的做了，但我仍然没有得到预期的结果s_client。我甚至找不到其他人具有这样的一个问题，更不用说任何现有的解决方案了。我甚至尝试过将根证书包含在包中，但没有任何效果。任何提示或指示都将不胜感激。
答案1
事实证明，Nginx 文档有些误导，并且与 SNI 不一致。
跑步openssl s_client -connect lanzz.org:443：
CONNECTED(00000003)
depth=0 C = GB, CN = www.lanzz.org, emailAddress = [email protected]
verify error:num=20:unable to get local issuer certificate
verify return:1
depth=0 C = GB, CN = www.lanzz.org, emailAddress = [email protected]
verify error:num=27:certificate not trusted
verify return:1
depth=0 C = GB, CN = www.lanzz.org, emailAddress = [email protected]
verify error:num=21:unable to verify the first certificate
verify return:1
---
Certificate chain
0 s:/C=GB/CN=www.lanzz.org/[email protected]
i:/C=IL/O=StartCom Ltd./OU=Secure Digital Certificate Signing/CN=StartCom Class 1 Primary Intermediate Server CA
---
跑步openssl s_client -connect lanzz.org:443 -servername lanzz.org：
CONNECTED(00000003)
depth=1 C = IL, O = StartCom Ltd., OU = Secure Digital Certificate Signing, CN = StartCom Class 1 Primary Intermediate Server CA
verify error:num=20:unable to get local issuer certificate
verify return:0
---
Certificate chain
0 s:/C=GB/CN=www.lanzz.org/[email protected]
i:/C=IL/O=StartCom Ltd./OU=Secure Digital Certificate Signing/CN=StartCom Class 1 Primary Intermediate Server CA
1 s:/C=IL/O=StartCom Ltd./OU=Secure Digital Certificate Signing/CN=StartCom Class 1 Primary Intermediate Server CA
i:/C=IL/O=StartCom Ltd./OU=Secure Digital Certificate Signing/CN=StartCom Certification Authority
---
显然，一方面，我使用错误的证书文件配置了默认虚拟主机（没有中间文件），另一方面，openssl s_client它不会自动为传递给-connect参数的主机名提供 SNI 扩展。Nginx 文档天真地提供了一个命令，该命令只会测试默认虚拟主机，我认为这很少是人们通常想要的。
TL;DR：-servername测试 SSL 链时提供参数：
openssl s_client -connect <hostname>:443 -servername <hostname>