我正在尝试在 Linux 机器上本地启用 SSL。为此，我遵循本教程我在其中创建了一个证书颁发机构、一个中级证书颁发机构，最后创建了 localhost 的证书及其密钥。我验证了每个步骤，所有文件似乎都没有问题。
我使用了一个带有 alternative_names 的 conf 文件，如所述这里。
# OpenSSL intermediate CA configuration file.
# Copy to `/root/ca/intermediate/openssl.cnf`.
[ ca ]
# `man ca`
default_ca = CA_default
[ CA_default ]
# Directory and file locations.
dir = /home/cquiros/data/projects2017/climmob/software/climmob/ssl/ca/intermediate
certs = $dir/certs
crl_dir = $dir/crl
new_certs_dir = $dir/newcerts
database = $dir/index.txt
serial = $dir/serial
RANDFILE = $dir/private/.rand
# The root key and root certificate.
private_key = $dir/private/intermediate.key.pem
certificate = $dir/certs/intermediate.cert.pem
# For certificate revocation lists.
crlnumber = $dir/crlnumber
crl = $dir/crl/intermediate.crl.pem
crl_extensions = crl_ext
default_crl_days = 30
# SHA-1 is deprecated, so use SHA-2 instead.
default_md = sha256
name_opt = ca_default
cert_opt = ca_default
default_days = 375
preserve = no
policy = policy_loose
[ policy_strict ]
# The root CA should only sign intermediate certificates that match.
# See the POLICY FORMAT section of `man ca`.
countryName = match
stateOrProvinceName = match
organizationName = match
organizationalUnitName = optional
commonName = supplied
emailAddress = optional
[ policy_loose ]
# Allow the intermediate CA to sign a more diverse range of certificates.
# See the POLICY FORMAT section of the `ca` man page.
countryName = optional
stateOrProvinceName = optional
localityName = optional
organizationName = optional
organizationalUnitName = optional
commonName = supplied
emailAddress = optional
[ req ]
# Options for the `req` tool (`man req`).
default_bits = 2048
distinguished_name = req_distinguished_name
string_mask = utf8only
# SHA-1 is deprecated, so use SHA-2 instead.
default_md = sha256
# Extension to add when the -x509 option is used.
x509_extensions = v3_ca
[ req_distinguished_name ]
# See <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_signing_request>.
countryName = Country Name (2 letter code)
stateOrProvinceName = State or Province Name
localityName = Locality Name
0.organizationName = Organization Name
organizationalUnitName = Organizational Unit Name
commonName = Common Name
emailAddress = Email Address
# Optionally, specify some defaults.
countryName_default = GB
stateOrProvinceName_default = England
localityName_default =
0.organizationName_default = Alice Ltd
organizationalUnitName_default =
emailAddress_default =
[ v3_ca ]
# Extensions for a typical CA (`man x509v3_config`).
subjectKeyIdentifier = hash
authorityKeyIdentifier = keyid:always,issuer
basicConstraints = critical, CA:true
keyUsage = critical, digitalSignature, cRLSign, keyCertSign
[ v3_intermediate_ca ]
# Extensions for a typical intermediate CA (`man x509v3_config`).
subjectKeyIdentifier = hash
authorityKeyIdentifier = keyid:always,issuer
basicConstraints = critical, CA:true, pathlen:0
keyUsage = critical, digitalSignature, cRLSign, keyCertSign
[ usr_cert ]
# Extensions for client certificates (`man x509v3_config`).
basicConstraints = CA:FALSE
nsCertType = client, email
nsComment = "OpenSSL Generated Client Certificate"
subjectKeyIdentifier = hash
authorityKeyIdentifier = keyid,issuer
keyUsage = critical, nonRepudiation, digitalSignature, keyEncipherment
extendedKeyUsage = clientAuth, emailProtection
[ server_cert ]
# Extensions for server certificates (`man x509v3_config`).
basicConstraints = CA:FALSE
nsCertType = server
nsComment = "OpenSSL Generated Server Certificate"
subjectKeyIdentifier = hash
authorityKeyIdentifier = keyid,issuer:always
keyUsage = critical, digitalSignature, keyEncipherment
extendedKeyUsage = serverAuth
[ crl_ext ]
# Extension for CRLs (`man x509v3_config`).
authorityKeyIdentifier=keyid:always
[ ocsp ]
# Extension for OCSP signing certificates (`man ocsp`).
basicConstraints = CA:FALSE
subjectKeyIdentifier = hash
authorityKeyIdentifier = keyid,issuer
keyUsage = critical, digitalSignature
extendedKeyUsage = critical, OCSPSigning
[ alternate_names ]
DNS.1 = climmob.net
DNS.1 = localhost
DNS.3 = localhost.localdomain
DNS.4 = 127.0.0.1
最后我的 apache conf 文件如下所示：
<VirtualHost *:443>
# General setup for the virtual host
DocumentRoot "/srv/httpd/htdocs"
ServerName localhost:443
ServerAdmin [email protected]
ErrorLog "/var/log/httpd/error_log"
TransferLog "/var/log/httpd/access_log"
# SSL Engine Switch:
# Enable/Disable SSL for this virtual host.
SSLEngine on
SSLCertificateFile "/etc/httpd/ssl/climmob.net.cert.pem"
SSLCertificateKeyFile "/etc/httpd/ssl/climmob.net.key.nc.pem"
#SSLCertificateChainFile "/etc/httpd/ssl/ca-chain.cert.pem"
SSLCACertificateFile "/etc/httpd/ssl/ca-chain.cert.pem"
...
我尝试一遍又一遍地执行这些步骤。但似乎没有任何效果。知道我还需要做什么吗？
答案1
您正在使用自签名证书。这些证书会在浏览器中生成无效证书警告，因为这些证书不是由任何受信任的证书颁发者签名的。
浏览器不信任自签名证书，因为它破坏了 TLS/SSL 的安全模型。