我正在尝试在 Amazon 上构建自定义 Centos 5 AMI，但在启动时内核崩溃。我花了将近一周的时间，但还是不知道哪里出了问题。
我遵循了以下食谱： http://blog.maclawran.ca/gotchas-porting-centos-58-from-virtualbox-to
我也尝试过网上的其他类似食谱，结果也一样。我对上述食谱的唯一改动是：
- 使用最新的 Centos ISO/repos (5.9)
- 有一个分区（/boot inside /）
- 根分区使用 ext4 而不是 ext3
步骤大致如下：
- 在 Virtual Box 上安装 Centos
- 将 .vdi 磁盘转换为 .img
- 将磁盘映像上传到 AWS
- 将映像复制到卷
- 对 initrd、fstab、grub.conf 做一些修改
- 快照卷
- 创建 AMI
- 启动新实例
EC2 系统日志
Xen Minimal OS!
start_info: 0xac4000(VA)
nr_pages: 0x26700
shared_inf: 0xbfa11000(MA)
pt_base: 0xac7000(VA)
nr_pt_frames: 0x9
mfn_list: 0x990000(VA)
mod_start: 0x0(VA)
mod_len: 0
flags: 0x0
cmd_line: root=/dev/sda1 ro 4
stack: 0x94f860-0x96f860
MM: Init
_text: 0x0(VA)
_etext: 0x5ffbd(VA)
_erodata: 0x78000(VA)
_edata: 0x80ae0(VA)
stack start: 0x94f860(VA)
_end: 0x98fe68(VA)
start_pfn: ad3
max_pfn: 26700
Mapping memory range 0xc00000 - 0x26700000
setting 0x0-0x78000 readonly
skipped 0x1000
MM: Initialise page allocator for c01000(c01000)-26700000(26700000)
MM: done
Demand map pfns at 26701000-2026701000.
Heap resides at 2026702000-4026702000.
Initialising timer interface
Initialising console ... done.
gnttab_table mapped at 0x26701000.
Initialising scheduler
Thread "Idle": pointer: 0x2026702010, stack: 0x26640000
Initialising xenbus
Thread "xenstore": pointer: 0x20267027c0, stack: 0x26650000
Dummy main: start_info=0x96f960
Thread "main": pointer: 0x2026702f70, stack: 0x26660000
"main" "root=/dev/sda1" "ro" "4"
vbd 2049 is hd0
******************* BLKFRONT for device/vbd/2049 **********
backend at /local/domain/0/backend/vbd/2087/2049
Failed to read /local/domain/0/backend/vbd/2087/2049/feature-barrier.
Failed to read /local/domain/0/backend/vbd/2087/2049/feature-flush-cache.
16777216 sectors of 512 bytes
**************************
Press `ESC' to enter the menu... 1
Press `ESC' to enter the menu... 0
[H
[J Booting 'CentOS (2.6.18-348.2.1.el5)'
root (hd0,0)
Filesystem type is ext2fs, partition type 0x83
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.18-348.2.1.el5xen ro root=LABEL=/
initrd /boot/initrd-2.6.18-348.2.1.el5xenec2.img
xc_dom_probe_bzimage_kernel: kernel is not a bzImage
close blk: backend at /local/domain/0/backend/vbd/2087/2049
Bootdata ok (command line is ro root=LABEL=/)
Linux version 2.6.18-348.2.1.el5xen ([email protected]) (gcc version 4.1.2 20080704 (Red Hat 4.1.2-54)) #1 SMP Tue Mar 5 17:05:33 EST 2013
BIOS-provided physical RAM map:
Xen: 0000000000000000 - 0000000026f00000 (usable)
No mptable found.
Built 1 zonelists. Total pages: 155531
Kernel command line: ro root=LABEL=/
Initializing CPU#0
PID hash table entries: 4096 (order: 12, 32768 bytes)
Xen reported: 2666.746 MHz processor.
Console: colour dummy device 80x25
Dentry cache hash table entries: 131072 (order: 8, 1048576 bytes)
Inode-cache hash table entries: 65536 (order: 7, 524288 bytes)
Software IO TLB disabled
Memory: 602796k/637952k available (2559k kernel code, 26616k reserved, 1762k data, 196k init)
Calibrating delay using timer specific routine.. 6688.32 BogoMIPS (lpj=13376641)
Security Framework v1.0.0 initialized
SELinux: Initializing.
selinux_register_security: Registering secondary module capability
Capability LSM initialized as secondary
Mount-cache hash table entries: 256
CPU: L1 I cache: 32K, L1 D cache: 32K
CPU: L2 cache: 6144K
CPU: Physical Processor ID: 0
CPU: Processor Core ID: 3
(SMP-)alternatives turned off
Brought up 1 CPUs
checking if image is initramfs... it is
Grant table initialized
NET: Registered protocol family 16
Brought up 1 CPUs
PCI: setting up Xen PCI frontend stub
ACPI: Interpreter disabled.
Linux Plug and Play Support v0.97 (c) Adam Belay
pnp: PnP ACPI: disabled
xen_mem: Initialising balloon driver.
usbcore: registered new driver usbfs
usbcore: registered new driver hub
PCI: System does not support PCI
PCI: System does not support PCI
NetLabel: Initializing
NetLabel: domain hash size = 128
NetLabel: protocols = UNLABELED CIPSOv4
NetLabel: unlabeled traffic allowed by default
NET: Registered protocol family 2
IP route cache hash table entries: 32768 (order: 6, 262144 bytes)
TCP established hash table entries: 131072 (order: 9, 2097152 bytes)
TCP bind hash table entries: 65536 (order: 8, 1048576 bytes)
TCP: Hash tables configured (established 131072 bind 65536)
TCP reno registered
audit: initializing netlink socket (disabled)
type=2000 audit(1363277397.008:1): initialized
VFS: Disk quotas dquot_6.5.1
Dquot-cache hash table entries: 512 (order 0, 4096 bytes)
Initializing Cryptographic API
alg: No test for crc32c (crc32c-generic)
ksign: Installing public key data
Loading keyring
- Added public key 1A2C6C3E680FB539
- User ID: CentOS (Kernel Module GPG key)
io scheduler noop registered
io scheduler anticipatory registered
io scheduler deadline registered
io scheduler cfq registered (default)
pci_hotplug: PCI Hot Plug PCI Core version: 0.5
rtc: IRQ 8 is not free.
Non-volatile memory driver v1.2
Linux agpgart interface v0.101 (c) Dave Jones
brd: module loaded
Xen virtual console successfully installed as xvc0
Bootdata ok (command line is ro root=LABEL=/)
Linux version 2.6.18-348.2.1.el5xen ([email protected]) (gcc version 4.1.2 20080704 (Red Hat 4.1.2-54)) #1 SMP Tue Mar 5 17:05:33 EST 2013
BIOS-provided physical RAM map:
Xen: 0000000000000000 - 0000000026f00000 (usable)
No mptable found.
Built 1 zonelists. Total pages: 155531
Kernel command line: ro root=LABEL=/
Initializing CPU#0
PID hash table entries: 4096 (order: 12, 32768 bytes)
Xen reported: 2666.746 MHz processor.
Console: colour dummy device 80x25
Dentry cache hash table entries: 131072 (order: 8, 1048576 bytes)
Inode-cache hash table entries: 65536 (order: 7, 524288 bytes)
Software IO TLB disabled
Memory: 602796k/637952k available (2559k kernel code, 26616k reserved, 1762k data, 196k init)
Calibrating delay using timer specific routine.. 6688.32 BogoMIPS (lpj=13376641)
Security Framework v1.0.0 initialized
SELinux: Initializing.
selinux_register_security: Registering secondary module capability
Capability LSM initialized as secondary
Mount-cache hash table entries: 256
CPU: L1 I cache: 32K, L1 D cache: 32K
CPU: L2 cache: 6144K
CPU: Physical Processor ID: 0
CPU: Processor Core ID: 3
(SMP-)alternatives turned off
Brought up 1 CPUs
checking if image is initramfs... it is
Grant table initialized
NET: Registered protocol family 16
Brought up 1 CPUs
PCI: setting up Xen PCI frontend stub
ACPI: Interpreter disabled.
Linux Plug and Play Support v0.97 (c) Adam Belay
pnp: PnP ACPI: disabled
xen_mem: Initialising balloon driver.
usbcore: registered new driver usbfs
usbcore: registered new driver hub
PCI: System does not support PCI
PCI: System does not support PCI
NetLabel: Initializing
NetLabel: domain hash size = 128
NetLabel: protocols = UNLABELED CIPSOv4
NetLabel: unlabeled traffic allowed by default
NET: Registered protocol family 2
IP route cache hash table entries: 32768 (order: 6, 262144 bytes)
TCP established hash table entries: 131072 (order: 9, 2097152 bytes)
TCP bind hash table entries: 65536 (order: 8, 1048576 bytes)
TCP: Hash tables configured (established 131072 bind 65536)
TCP reno registered
audit: initializing netlink socket (disabled)
type=2000 audit(1363277397.008:1): initialized
VFS: Disk quotas dquot_6.5.1
Dquot-cache hash table entries: 512 (order 0, 4096 bytes)
Initializing Cryptographic API
alg: No test for crc32c (crc32c-generic)
ksign: Installing public key data
Loading keyring
- Added public key 1A2C6C3E680FB539
- User ID: CentOS (Kernel Module GPG key)
io scheduler noop registered
io scheduler anticipatory registered
io scheduler deadline registered
io scheduler cfq registered (default)
pci_hotplug: PCI Hot Plug PCI Core version: 0.5
rtc: IRQ 8 is not free.
Non-volatile memory driver v1.2
Linux agpgart interface v0.101 (c) Dave Jones
brd: module loaded
Xen virtual console successfully installed as xvc0
Event-channel device installed.
Uniform Multi-Platform E-IDE driver Revision: 7.00alpha2
ide: Assuming 50MHz system bus speed for PIO modes; override with idebus=xx
ide-floppy driver 0.99.newide
usbcore: registered new driver hiddev
usbcore: registered new driver usbhid
drivers/usb/input/hid-core.c: v2.6:USB HID core driver
PNP: No PS/2 controller found. Probing ports directly.
i8042.c: No controller found.
mice: PS/2 mouse device common for all mice
md: md driver 0.90.3 MAX_MD_DEVS=256, MD_SB_DISKS=27
md: bitmap version 4.39
TCP bic registered
Initializing IPsec netlink socket
NET: Registered protocol family 1
NET: Registered protocol family 17
XENBUS: Device with no driver: device/vbd/2049
XENBUS: Device with no driver: device/vif/0
XENBUS: Device with no driver: device/console/0
Initalizing network drop monitor service
Write protecting the kernel read-only data: 506k
Red Hat nash version 5.1.19.6 starting
Mounting proc filesystem
Mounting sysfs filesystem
Creating /dev
Creating initial device nodes
Setting up hotplug.
Creating block device nodes.
Loading ehci-hcd.ko module
Loading ohci-hcd.ko module
Loading uhci-hcd.ko module
USB Universal Host Controller Interface driver v3.0
Loading scsi_mod.ko module
SCSI subsystem initialized
Loading sd_mod.ko module
Loading libata.ko module
Loading ata_piix.ko module
Loading ahci.ko module
Loading dm-mem-cache.ko module
Loading dm-mod.ko module
device-mapper: uevent: version 1.0.3
device-mapper: ioctl: 4.11.6-ioctl (2011-02-18) initialised: [email protected]
Loading dm-log.ko module
Loading dm-region_hash.ko module
Loading dm-message.ko module
Loading dm-raid45.ko module
device-mapper: dm-raid45: initialized v0.2594l
Loading xenblk.ko module
Registering block device major 8
register_blkdev: cannot get major 8 for sd
xen_blk: can't get major 8 with name sd
vbd vbd-2049: 19 xlvbd_add at /local/domain/0/backend/vbd/2087/2049
Loading xennet.ko module
netfront: Initialising virtual ethernet driver.
netfront: device eth0 has copying receive path.
Waiting for driver initialization.
Scanning and configuring dmraid supported devices
Creating root device.
mkrootdev: expected fs options
Mounting root filesystem.
mount: missing mount point
Setting up other filesystems.
Setting up new root fs
setuproot: moving /dev failed: No such file or directory
no fstab.sys, mounting internal defaults
setuproot: error mounting /proc: No such file or directory
setuproot: error mounting /sys: No such file or directory
Switching to new root and running init.
unmounting old /dev
unmounting old /proc
unmounting old /sys
switchroot: mount failed: No such file or directory
Kernel panic - not syncing: Attempted to kill init!
/boot/grub/grub.conf
default=0
timeout=2
hiddenmenu
title CentOS (2.6.18-348.2.1.el5)
root (hd0,0)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.18-348.2.1.el5xen ro root=LABEL=/
initrd /boot/initrd-2.6.18-348.2.1.el5xenec2.img
/etc/fstab
LABEL=/ / ext4 defaults 1 1
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
AMI 设置：
Root Device: /dev/sda1
Kernel ID: aki-8b655dff
Architecture: x86_64
Root Device Type: ebs
Image Size: 8 GiB
Block Devices: /dev/sda1=snap-4dfffb65:8:true:standard
实例设置：
Root Device: sda1
Block Devices: sda1
/boot/initrd-2.6.18-348.2.1.el5xenec2.img 中的 init 脚本
#!/bin/nash
mount -t proc /proc /proc
setquiet
echo Mounting proc filesystem
echo Mounting sysfs filesystem
mount -t sysfs /sys /sys
echo Creating /dev
mount -o mode=0755 -t tmpfs /dev /dev
mkdir /dev/pts
mount -t devpts -o gid=5,mode=620 /dev/pts /dev/pts
mkdir /dev/shm
mkdir /dev/mapper
echo Creating initial device nodes
mknod /dev/null c 1 3
mknod /dev/zero c 1 5
mknod /dev/urandom c 1 9
mknod /dev/systty c 4 0
mknod /dev/tty c 5 0
mknod /dev/console c 5 1
mknod /dev/ptmx c 5 2
mknod /dev/rtc c 10 135
mknod /dev/tty0 c 4 0
mknod /dev/tty1 c 4 1
mknod /dev/tty2 c 4 2
mknod /dev/tty3 c 4 3
mknod /dev/tty4 c 4 4
mknod /dev/tty5 c 4 5
mknod /dev/tty6 c 4 6
mknod /dev/tty7 c 4 7
mknod /dev/tty8 c 4 8
mknod /dev/tty9 c 4 9
mknod /dev/tty10 c 4 10
mknod /dev/tty11 c 4 11
mknod /dev/tty12 c 4 12
mknod /dev/ttyS0 c 4 64
mknod /dev/ttyS1 c 4 65
mknod /dev/ttyS2 c 4 66
mknod /dev/ttyS3 c 4 67
echo Setting up hotplug.
hotplug
echo Creating block device nodes.
mkblkdevs
echo "Loading ehci-hcd.ko module"
insmod /lib/ehci-hcd.ko
echo "Loading ohci-hcd.ko module"
insmod /lib/ohci-hcd.ko
echo "Loading uhci-hcd.ko module"
insmod /lib/uhci-hcd.ko
mount -t usbfs /proc/bus/usb /proc/bus/usb
echo "Loading scsi_mod.ko module"
insmod /lib/scsi_mod.ko
echo "Loading sd_mod.ko module"
insmod /lib/sd_mod.ko
echo "Loading libata.ko module"
insmod /lib/libata.ko
echo "Loading ata_piix.ko module"
insmod /lib/ata_piix.ko
echo "Loading ahci.ko module"
insmod /lib/ahci.ko
echo "Loading dm-mem-cache.ko module"
insmod /lib/dm-mem-cache.ko
echo "Loading dm-mod.ko module"
insmod /lib/dm-mod.ko
echo "Loading dm-log.ko module"
insmod /lib/dm-log.ko
echo "Loading dm-region_hash.ko module"
insmod /lib/dm-region_hash.ko
echo "Loading dm-message.ko module"
insmod /lib/dm-message.ko
echo "Loading dm-raid45.ko module"
insmod /lib/dm-raid45.ko
echo "Loading xenblk.ko module"
insmod /lib/xenblk.ko
echo "Loading xennet.ko module"
insmod /lib/xennet.ko
echo Waiting for driver initialization.
stabilized --hash --interval 1000 /proc/scsi/scsi
mkblkdevs
echo Scanning and configuring dmraid supported devices
echo Creating root device.
mkrootdev -t -o defaults,ro
echo Mounting root filesystem.
mount /sysroot
echo Setting up other filesystems.
setuproot
echo Switching to new root and running init.
switchroot
任何帮助是极大的赞赏
古斯塔沃
答案1
这两点之间就是你的线索
mkrootdev: expected fs options
...
switchroot: mount failed: No such file or directory
Kernel panic - not syncing: Attempted to kill init!
引导加载程序已将内核加载到内存中并解压缩 initrd。init 进程已启动并尝试挂载永久存储（即：根文件系统），此时 initramfs 被卸载并从永久存储继续引导。
您的 initrd 无法挂载根文件系统，所以 init 死亡，从而导致内核崩溃。
我会尝试将 / 和 /boot 分成不同的分区，并使用 ext3。我对 Amazon 或 VirtualBox 了解不多，但我知道 Red Hat 不会在 EL5 上支持 ext4 根文件系统，因此这不是预期或测试的用例。