每隔一段时间，我的 Ubuntu 就会开始疯狂使用硬盘，并且 3 分钟内我无法移动鼠标或访问任何控制台，甚至 CTRL-ALT-BACKSPACE 和 CTRL-ALT-F1 也没有任何反应。
通常发生在执行某些操作时（打开新的浏览器选项卡、启动 Eclipse 等）。
我认为在那些时候我的 Ubuntu 会无缘无故地开始疯狂地切换。
如果我打开 OpenOffice+Eclipse+Firefox，这种情况会更常见，但有时只打开非常简单的应用程序也会发生这种情况。
我使用 iotop 记录了其中一次冻结期间的磁盘活动。当时我只打开了 Chrome、gnome-terminal 和 gedit。我使用 启动了 iotop sudo nice -20 sudo iotop -tbod10 > ~/iotop.log。它应该每 10 秒写入一次日志，但在冻结期间它没有写入任何内容。但是，冻结前 (09:42:23) 的日志表明kswapd可能是以下位置的罪魁祸首12.26 M/s：
TIME TID PRIO USER DISK READ DISK WRITE SWAPIN IO COMMAND
09:42:23 27 be/4 root 0.00 B/s 12.26 M/s 0.00 % 99.99 % [kswapd0]
09:42:23 1828 be/4 nico 1081.85 K/s 0.00 B/s 1.78 % 61.16 % compiz
09:42:23 31484 be/4 nico 128.22 K/s 668.16 B/s 0.00 % 50.59 % python /usr/bin/indicator-weather
09:42:23 17339 be/4 nico 89.72 K/s 668.16 B/s 0.00 % 50.32 % google-chrome
09:42:23 17397 be/4 nico 806.49 K/s 0.00 B/s 2.13 % 43.42 % --disable-client-side-phishing-detection --enable-print-preview --disable-webgl --disable-gl-multisampling --disable-accelerated-compositing --channel=17322.0x7fc3880c0700.1895579466
09:42:23 315 be/4 root 334.08 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 37.90 % [flush-8:0]
09:42:23 297 be/3 root 0.00 B/s 1670.40 B/s 0.00 % 32.57 % [jbd2/sda1-8]
09:42:23 1244 be/4 root 502.75 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.77 % 31.90 % X :0 -nr -verbose -auth /var/run/gdm/auth-for-gdm-XEqu73/database -nolisten tcp vt7
09:42:23 17403 be/5 nico 482.52 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 30.08 % --disable-client-side-phishing-detection --enable-print-preview --disable-webgl --disable-gl-multisampling --disable-accelerated-compositing --channel=17322.0x7fc386e35000.1143953050
09:42:23 17608 be/4 root 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 27.27 % [kworker/0:2]
09:42:23 1857 be/4 nico 430.65 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 25.40 % indicator-multiload
09:42:23 2178 be/4 nico 100.49 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 23.91 % dropbox
09:42:23 17340 be/4 nico 448.59 K/s 0.00 B/s 3.66 % 18.24 % google-chrome
09:42:23 17322 be/4 nico 408.79 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.25 % 16.66 % google-chrome
09:42:23 17408 be/5 nico 162.47 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.37 % 15.75 % --disable-client-side-phishing-detection --enable-print-preview --disable-webgl --disable-gl-multisampling --disable-accelerated-compositing --channel=17322.0x7fc387166c40.2054812173
09:42:23 1836 be/4 nico 278.62 K/s 0.00 B/s 72.10 % 14.14 % nautilus
09:42:23 9266 be/4 root 78.63 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 12.74 % adb fork-server server
09:42:23 17417 be/5 nico 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 11.63 % --disable-client-side-phishing-detection --enable-print-preview --disable-webgl --disable-gl-multisampling --disable-accelerated-compositing --channel=17322.0x7fc386e35000.1143953050
09:42:23 17414 be/5 nico 9.79 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 11.63 % --disable-client-side-phishing-detection --enable-print-preview --disable-webgl --disable-gl-multisampling --disable-accelerated-compositing --channel=17322.0x7fc387166c40.2054812173
09:42:23 17416 be/4 nico 668.16 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 11.63 % --disable-client-side-phishing-detection --enable-print-preview --disable-webgl --disable-gl-multisampling --disable-accelerated-compositing --channel=17322.0x7fc3880c0700.1895579466
09:42:23 17237 be/4 postfix 5.55 K/s 0.00 B/s 20.29 % 9.59 % pickup -l -t fifo -u -c
09:42:23 17500 be/4 nico 27.73 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 9.39 % npwrapper.libflashplayer.so --lang=en-US --channel=17322.0x7fc38990c2c0.322771554
09:42:23 17399 be/4 nico 17.29 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 8.67 % --disable-client-side-phishing-detection --enable-print-preview --disable-webgl --disable-gl-multisampling --disable-accelerated-compositing --channel=17322.0x7fc3880c0700.1895579466
09:42:23 584 be/4 root 87.44 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 6.36 % NetworkManager
09:42:23 17533 be/4 nico 47.96 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 5.88 % GoogleTalkPlugin
09:42:23 2218 be/4 nico 173.24 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 5.78 % unity-panel-service
09:42:23 1462 be/4 mysql 38.82 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 5.76 % mysqld
09:42:23 1463 be/4 mysql 5.87 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 5.65 % mysqld
09:42:23 29621 be/4 nico 32.95 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 4.43 % python /usr/bin/indicator-weather
09:42:23 1382 be/4 root 39.48 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 4.15 % apache2 -k start
09:42:23 17513 be/4 nico 119.41 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 4.06 % npviewer.bin --plugin /usr/lib/flashplugin-installer/libflashplayer.so --connection /org/wrapper/NSPlugins/libflashplayer.so/17500-2
09:42:23 17335 be/4 nico 21.86 K/s 1670.40 B/s 0.00 % 4.02 % google-chrome
09:42:23 2201 be/4 nico 10.11 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 3.85 % bamfdaemon
09:42:23 1842 be/4 nico 30.34 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 3.23 % gnome-power-manager
09:42:23 1812 be/4 nico 26.10 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 2.89 % gnome-settings-daemon
09:42:23 1848 be/4 nico 38.17 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 2.55 % indicator-sensors
09:42:23 12233 be/4 root 31.32 K/s 1002.24 B/s 2.06 % 2.54 % python /usr/bin/iotop -tbod10
09:42:23 1915 be/4 nico 10.11 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 2.27 % gvfs-afc-volume-monitor
09:42:23 1831 be/4 nico 10.44 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 2.13 % compiz
09:42:23 1464 be/4 mysql 20.88 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 1.84 % mysqld
09:42:23 2309 be/4 nico 18.92 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 1.79 % unity-applications-daemon
09:42:23 17337 be/4 nico 9.14 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 1.74 % google-chrome
09:42:23 17343 be/4 nico 13.38 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 1.72 % google-chrome
09:42:23 1252 be/4 root 51.55 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 1.65 % master
09:42:23 1907 be/4 root 18.27 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 1.21 % udisks-daemon: polling /dev/sr0
09:42:23 2186 be/4 nico 46.00 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 1.13 % python /usr/share/system-config-printer/applet.py
09:42:23 1862 be/4 nico 5.22 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.98 % indicator-multiload
09:42:23 2199 be/4 nico 26.10 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.90 % unity-window-decorator
09:42:23 906 be/4 root 2.28 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.82 % irqbalance
09:42:23 580 be/4 avahi 32.63 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.59 % avahi-daemon: running [nico.local]
09:42:23 1877 be/4 nico 18.60 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.57 % notify-osd
09:42:23 17360 be/4 nico 43.72 K/s 0.00 B/s 26.23 % 0.51 % --disable-client-side-phishing-detection --enable-print-preview --disable-webgl --disable-gl-multisampling --disable-accelerated-compositing --channel=17322.0x7fc38672e8c0.1339188300
09:42:23 1800 be/4 nico 27.73 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.34 % dbus-daemon --fork --print-pid 5 --print-address 7 --session
09:42:23 627 be/4 root 10.44 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.33 % wpa_supplicant -u -s
09:42:23 2243 be/4 nico 3.59 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.33 % indicator-application-service
09:42:23 2284 be/4 nico 6.20 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.19 % update-notifier
09:42:23 2234 be/4 nico 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.18 % indicator-application-service
09:42:23 2220 be/4 nico 4.24 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.10 % unity-panel-service
09:42:23 17362 be/4 nico 7.83 K/s 0.00 B/s 2.54 % 0.00 % --disable-client-side-phishing-detection --enable-print-preview --disable-webgl --disable-gl-multisampling --disable-accelerated-compositing --channel=17322.0x7fc38672e540.2001766922
09:42:23 17412 be/5 nico 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 9.26 % 0.00 % --disable-client-side-phishing-detection --enable-print-preview --disable-webgl --disable-gl-multisampling --disable-accelerated-compositing --channel=17322.0x7fc3880afa80.2009126862
TIME TID PRIO USER DISK READ DISK WRITE SWAPIN IO COMMAND
09:45:22 17596 be/4 root 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 99.99 % [kworker/1:0]
09:45:22 17608 be/4 root 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 98.44 % [kworker/0:2]
09:45:22 315 be/4 root 808.56 B/s 17.81 K/s 0.00 % 86.79 % [flush-8:0]
09:45:22 1828 be/4 nico 621.79 K/s 0.00 B/s 16.33 % 86.29 % compiz
09:45:22 17340 be/4 nico 815.78 K/s 0.00 B/s 14.61 % 83.30 % google-chrome
09:45:22 1857 be/4 nico 575.28 K/s 0.00 B/s 12.32 % 82.64 % indicator-multiload
09:45:22 1812 be/4 nico 540.14 K/s 0.00 B/s 3.06 % 81.94 % gnome-settings-daemon
09:45:22 1848 be/4 nico 541.02 K/s 0.00 B/s 12.30 % 81.58 % indicator-sensors
09:45:22 584 be/4 root 606.07 K/s 0.00 B/s 11.51 % 78.40 % NetworkManager
09:45:22 906 be/4 root 308.53 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 76.26 % irqbalance
09:45:22 17335 be/4 nico 18.79 K/s 332.94 B/s 8.56 % 60.25 % google-chrome
09:45:22 1382 be/4 root 361.76 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 49.17 % apache2 -k start
09:45:22 17533 be/4 nico 282.38 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 45.30 % GoogleTalkPlugin
09:45:22 17550 be/4 nico 134.88 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 40.96 % npviewer.bin --plugin /usr/lib/flashplugin-installer/libflashplayer.so --connection /org/wrapper/NSPlugins/libflashplayer.so/17500-2
09:45:22 2309 be/4 nico 260.08 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 38.69 % unity-applications-daemon
09:45:22 1463 be/4 mysql 171.28 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 38.61 % mysqld
09:45:22 17360 be/4 nico 377.27 K/s 0.00 B/s 2.14 % 37.14 % --disable-client-side-phishing-detection --enable-print-preview --disable-webgl --disable-gl-multisampling --disable-accelerated-compositing --channel=17322.0x7fc38672e8c0.1339188300
09:45:22 1888 be/4 nico 177.20 K/s 0.00 B/s 8.69 % 35.51 % python /usr/lib/desktopcouch/desktopcouch-service
09:45:22 2172 be/4 nico 64.52 K/s 0.00 B/s 3.93 % 35.19 % dropbox
09:45:22 17536 be/4 nico 71.95 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 32.79 % npviewer.bin --plugin /usr/lib/flashplugin-installer/libflashplayer.so --connection /org/wrapper/NSPlugins/libflashplayer.so/17500-2
09:45:22 9266 be/4 root 106.53 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 28.34 % adb fork-server server
09:45:22 17351 be/4 nico 225.76 K/s 0.00 B/s 1.69 % 27.98 % --disable-client-side-phishing-detection --enable-print-preview --disable-webgl --disable-gl-multisampling --disable-accelerated-compositing --channel=17322.0x7fc3866eae00.1806036416
09:45:22 17412 be/5 nico 165.21 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 24.66 % --disable-client-side-phishing-detection --enable-print-preview --disable-webgl --disable-gl-multisampling --disable-accelerated-compositing --channel=17322.0x7fc3880afa80.2009126862
09:45:22 2179 be/4 nico 58.25 K/s 0.00 B/s 24.18 % 22.89 % dropbox
09:45:22 2178 be/4 nico 29.63 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 22.83 % dropbox
09:45:22 2284 be/4 nico 139.46 K/s 0.00 B/s 3.82 % 21.98 % update-notifier
09:45:22 627 be/4 root 89.74 K/s 0.00 B/s 74.21 % 21.71 % wpa_supplicant -u -s
09:45:22 2218 be/4 nico 129.89 K/s 0.00 B/s 76.33 % 21.59 % unity-panel-service
09:45:22 17532 be/4 nico 94.64 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 21.24 % GoogleTalkPlugin
09:45:22 9652 be/4 nico 12.91 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 20.14 % ruby script/rails console
09:45:22 17408 be/5 nico 152.30 K/s 0.00 B/s 83.52 % 17.19 % --disable-client-side-phishing-detection --enable-print-preview --disable-webgl --disable-gl-multisampling --disable-accelerated-compositing --channel=17322.0x7fc387166c40.2054812173
09:45:22 17362 be/4 nico 178.41 K/s 0.00 B/s 1.63 % 16.11 % --disable-client-side-phishing-detection --enable-print-preview --disable-webgl --disable-gl-multisampling --disable-accelerated-compositing --channel=17322.0x7fc38672e540.2001766922
09:45:22 1907 be/4 root 93.99 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 15.71 % udisks-daemon: polling /dev/sr0
09:45:22 27 be/4 root 0.00 B/s 136.18 M/s 0.00 % 15.66 % [kswapd0]
09:45:22 1915 be/4 nico 30.82 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 13.92 % gvfs-afc-volume-monitor
09:45:22 17403 be/5 nico 107.90 K/s 0.00 B/s 89.46 % 12.11 % --disable-client-side-phishing-detection --enable-print-preview --disable-webgl --disable-gl-multisampling --disable-accelerated-compositing --channel=17322.0x7fc386e35000.1143953050
09:45:22 1839 be/4 nico 60.13 K/s 0.00 B/s 21.61 % 9.98 % nm-applet --sm-disable
09:45:22 1244 be/4 root 105.58 K/s 0.00 B/s 84.86 % 9.73 % X :0 -nr -verbose -auth /var/run/gdm/auth-for-gdm-XEqu73/database -nolisten tcp vt7
09:45:22 1462 be/4 mysql 29.35 K/s 0.00 B/s 9.90 % 8.99 % mysqld
09:45:22 1464 be/4 mysql 26.41 K/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 8.55 % mysqld
我正在使用 Ubuntu 2011.04，带有加密主目录和 4GB 物理内存 + 4GB 交换空间：
free -m
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 3894 3044 850 0 94 935
-/+ buffers/cache: 2013 1880
Swap: 4023 942 3081
我的 RAM 比实际需要的多得多，所以这种疯狂的交换令人困惑。
我该如何停止这些冻结？
更新：根据要求，以下是输出hdparm -Idc /dev/sda1：
/dev/sda1:
IO_support = 1 (32-bit)
HDIO_GET_DMA failed: Inappropriate ioctl for device
ATA device, with non-removable media
Model Number: FUJITSU MJA2500BH G2
Serial Number: K95FT9A26PNT
Firmware Revision: 0084001C
Transport: Serial, ATA8-AST, SATA 1.0a, SATA II Extensions, SATA Rev 2.5, SATA Rev 2.6
Standards:
Used: ATA-8-ACS revision 3f
Supported: 8 7 6 5
Configuration:
Logical max current
cylinders 16383 16383
heads 16 16
sectors/track 63 63
--
CHS current addressable sectors: 16514064
LBA user addressable sectors: 268435455
LBA48 user addressable sectors: 976773168
Logical Sector size: 512 bytes
Physical Sector size: 512 bytes
device size with M = 1024*1024: 476940 MBytes
device size with M = 1000*1000: 500107 MBytes (500 GB)
cache/buffer size = 8192 KBytes (type=DualPortCache)
Form Factor: 2.5 inch
Nominal Media Rotation Rate: 5400
Capabilities:
LBA, IORDY(can be disabled)
Queue depth: 32
Standby timer values: spec'd by Standard, no device specific minimum
R/W multiple sector transfer: Max = 16 Current = 16
Advanced power management level: disabled
Recommended acoustic management value: 254, current value: 254
DMA: mdma0 mdma1 mdma2 udma0 udma1 udma2 udma3 udma4 *udma5
Cycle time: min=120ns recommended=120ns
PIO: pio0 pio1 pio2 pio3 pio4
Cycle time: no flow control=120ns IORDY flow control=120ns
Commands/features:
Enabled Supported:
* SMART feature set
Security Mode feature set
* Power Management feature set
* Write cache
* Look-ahead
* Host Protected Area feature set
* WRITE_BUFFER command
* READ_BUFFER command
* DOWNLOAD_MICROCODE
Advanced Power Management feature set
SET_MAX security extension
* Automatic Acoustic Management feature set
* 48-bit Address feature set
* Device Configuration Overlay feature set
* Mandatory FLUSH_CACHE
* FLUSH_CACHE_EXT
* SMART error logging
* SMART self-test
* General Purpose Logging feature set
* WRITE_{DMA|MULTIPLE}_FUA_EXT
* 64-bit World wide name
* IDLE_IMMEDIATE with UNLOAD
* Disable Data Transfer After Error Detection
* WRITE_UNCORRECTABLE_EXT command
* {READ,WRITE}_DMA_EXT_GPL commands
* Segmented DOWNLOAD_MICROCODE
* Gen1 signaling speed (1.5Gb/s)
* Gen2 signaling speed (3.0Gb/s)
* Native Command Queueing (NCQ)
* Host-initiated interface power management
* Phy event counters
* NCQ priority information
* DMA Setup Auto-Activate optimization
Device-initiated interface power management
* Software settings preservation
* SMART Command Transport (SCT) feature set
* SCT LBA Segment Access (AC2)
* SCT Error Recovery Control (AC3)
* SCT Features Control (AC4)
* SCT Data Tables (AC5)
的结果sdparm /dev/sda：
/dev/sda: ATA FUJITSU MJA2500B 0084
Read write error recovery mode page:
AWRE 1
ARRE 0
PER 0
Caching (SBC) mode page:
WCE 1
RCD 0
Control mode page:
SWP 0
的结果smartctl -l selftest /dev/sda：
SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
Num Test_Description Status Remaining LifeTime(hours) LBA_of_first_error
# 1 Vendor offline Completed without error 00% 0 -
答案1
听起来更像是您的磁盘行为有问题。您是否检查过 hdparm 输出以确保您正在使用 DMA？除非发生其他问题，否则简单的磁盘访问不应该冻结系统。我会查看 dmesg 输出并安装 smartmontools 以查看您的驱动器是否抛出 ATA 错误或 SMART 是否认为驱动器正在损坏。
并按照 jnv 所说的降低 swappiness；Linux 默认倾向于交换空闲程序以便从硬盘缓存数据，而使用加密的主目录，可以缓存更多的磁盘活动（您可以考虑不使用主目录加密，只使用 gpg 或类似的东西来加密您真正关心的东西）。:)
答案2
您可以尝试以下两种方法来减少交换：
- 减少 swappiness（默认值为 60，请尝试将其设置为 10）
- 尝试 zRam（这将首先压缩内存中的数据，然后再将其交换到硬盘上）
答案3
升级到 Ubuntu 2014.04 解决了该问题。
（仅升级，不重新安装）
所以这实际上不是一个硬件问题:-)