我在 UEFI 主板上有一个 SSD 和一个 HDD。我可以通过更改 BIOS 中的启动顺序来切换操作系统，但我更希望 Grub2 只将 Windows7 列为启动选项。
解决方案应该可以帮助任何在 UEFI 主板上有多个驱动器的人。我见过使用 UEFI 从多个磁盘启动多个操作系统并且 rEFInd 看起来是一个不错的选择；这个问题是关于如何正确配置 Grub2 以查看 Windows7（或任何操作系统）的引导加载程序（如果可能的话） - 不使用 Grub-legacy 或其他工具（如 rEFInd）。
我正在使用 Ubuntu 12.10，Grub2 位于 SSD（主启动设备）上，而 Windows7 位于 HDD 上，安装时它决定将其分成三个分区。
启动信息脚本给出了详细的分解：
Boot Info Script 0.61 [1 April 2012]
============================= Boot Info Summary: ===============================
=> Grub2 (v1.99) is installed in the MBR of /dev/sda and looks at sector 1 of
the same hard drive for core.img. core.img is at this location and looks
in partition 72 for .
=> No boot loader is installed in the MBR of /dev/sdb.
sda1: __________________________________________________________________________
File system: ext4
Boot sector type: -
Boot sector info:
Operating System: Ubuntu 12.10
Boot files: /boot/grub/grub.cfg /etc/fstab
sda2: __________________________________________________________________________
File system: swap
Boot sector type: -
Boot sector info:
sdb1: __________________________________________________________________________
File system: vfat
Boot sector type: Windows 7: FAT32
Boot sector info: No errors found in the Boot Parameter Block.
Operating System:
Boot files: /efi/Boot/bootx64.efi
sdb2: __________________________________________________________________________
File system:
Boot sector type: -
Boot sector info:
Mounting failed: mount: unknown filesystem type ''
sdb3: __________________________________________________________________________
File system: ntfs
Boot sector type: Windows Vista/7: NTFS
Boot sector info: No errors found in the Boot Parameter Block.
Operating System: Windows 7
Boot files: /Windows/System32/winload.exe
============================ Drive/Partition Info: =============================
Drive: sda _____________________________________________________________________
Disk /dev/sda: 120.0 GB, 120034123776 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 14593 cylinders, total 234441648 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Partition Boot Start Sector End Sector # of Sectors Id System
/dev/sda1 * 2,048 218,439,679 218,437,632 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 218,439,680 234,440,703 16,001,024 82 Linux swap / Solaris
Drive: sdb _____________________________________________________________________
Disk /dev/sdb: 1000.2 GB, 1000204886016 bytes
256 heads, 63 sectors/track, 121126 cylinders, total 1953525168 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
Partition Boot Start Sector End Sector # of Sectors Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 4,294,967,295 4,294,967,295 ee GPT
/dev/sdb1 ends after the last sector of /dev/sdb
GUID Partition Table detected.
Partition Start Sector End Sector # of Sectors System
/dev/sdb1 2,048 206,847 204,800 EFI System partition
/dev/sdb2 206,848 468,991 262,144 Microsoft Reserved Partition (Windows)
/dev/sdb3 468,992 1,953,523,711 1,953,054,720 Data partition (Windows/Linux)
"blkid" output: ________________________________________________________________
Device UUID TYPE LABEL
/dev/sda1 e20b187a-c3b0-45e1-98df-c955b3cffdde ext4
/dev/sda2 7663b629-19c9-49fc-a744-2beb2dcdb317 swap
/dev/sdb1 F428-FB77 vfat
/dev/sdb3 162C36632C363DD5 ntfs
================================ Mount points: =================================
Device Mount_Point Type Options
/dev/sda1 / ext4 (rw,errors=remount-ro)
=========================== sda1/boot/grub/grub.cfg: ===========================
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE
#
# It is automatically generated by grub-mkconfig using templates
# from /etc/grub.d and settings from /etc/default/grub
#
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/00_header ###
if [ -s $prefix/grubenv ]; then
set have_grubenv=true
load_env
fi
set default="0"
if [ x"${feature_menuentry_id}" = xy ]; then
menuentry_id_option="--id"
else
menuentry_id_option=""
fi
export menuentry_id_option
if [ "${prev_saved_entry}" ]; then
set saved_entry="${prev_saved_entry}"
save_env saved_entry
set prev_saved_entry=
save_env prev_saved_entry
set boot_once=true
fi
function savedefault {
if [ -z "${boot_once}" ]; then
saved_entry="${chosen}"
save_env saved_entry
fi
}
function recordfail {
set recordfail=1
if [ -n "${have_grubenv}" ]; then if [ -z "${boot_once}" ]; then save_env recordfail; fi; fi
}
function load_video {
if [ x$feature_all_video_module = xy ]; then
insmod all_video
else
insmod efi_gop
insmod efi_uga
insmod ieee1275_fb
insmod vbe
insmod vga
insmod video_bochs
insmod video_cirrus
fi
}
terminal_input console
terminal_output console
if [ "${recordfail}" = 1 ]; then
set timeout=-1
else
set timeout=6
fi
### END /etc/grub.d/00_header ###
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/05_debian_theme ###
set menu_color_normal=white/black
set menu_color_highlight=black/light-gray
if background_color 44,0,30; then
clear
fi
### END /etc/grub.d/05_debian_theme ###
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/10_linux ###
function gfxmode {
set gfxpayload="${1}"
if [ "${1}" = "keep" ]; then
set vt_handoff=vt.handoff=7
else
set vt_handoff=
fi
}
if [ "${recordfail}" != 1 ]; then
if [ -e ${prefix}/gfxblacklist.txt ]; then
if hwmatch ${prefix}/gfxblacklist.txt 3; then
if [ ${match} = 0 ]; then
set linux_gfx_mode=keep
else
set linux_gfx_mode=text
fi
else
set linux_gfx_mode=text
fi
else
set linux_gfx_mode=keep
fi
else
set linux_gfx_mode=text
fi
export linux_gfx_mode
if [ "${linux_gfx_mode}" != "text" ]; then load_video; fi
menuentry 'Ubuntu' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-simple-e20b187a-c3b0-45e1-98df-c955b3cffdde' {
recordfail
gfxmode $linux_gfx_mode
insmod gzio
insmod part_msdos
insmod ext2
set root='hd0,msdos1'
if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos1 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos1 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos1 e20b187a-c3b0-45e1-98df-c955b3cffdde
else
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root e20b187a-c3b0-45e1-98df-c955b3cffdde
fi
linux /boot/vmlinuz-3.5.0-27-generic root=UUID=e20b187a-c3b0-45e1-98df-c955b3cffdde ro quiet splash $vt_handoff
initrd /boot/initrd.img-3.5.0-27-generic
}
submenu 'Advanced options for Ubuntu' $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-advanced-e20b187a-c3b0-45e1-98df-c955b3cffdde' {
menuentry 'Ubuntu, with Linux 3.5.0-27-generic' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-3.5.0-27-generic-advanced-e20b187a-c3b0-45e1-98df-c955b3cffdde' {
recordfail
gfxmode $linux_gfx_mode
insmod gzio
insmod part_msdos
insmod ext2
set root='hd0,msdos1'
if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos1 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos1 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos1 e20b187a-c3b0-45e1-98df-c955b3cffdde
else
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root e20b187a-c3b0-45e1-98df-c955b3cffdde
fi
echo 'Loading Linux 3.5.0-27-generic ...'
linux /boot/vmlinuz-3.5.0-27-generic root=UUID=e20b187a-c3b0-45e1-98df-c955b3cffdde ro quiet splash $vt_handoff
echo 'Loading initial ramdisk ...'
initrd /boot/initrd.img-3.5.0-27-generic
}
menuentry 'Ubuntu, with Linux 3.5.0-27-generic (recovery mode)' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-3.5.0-27-generic-recovery-e20b187a-c3b0-45e1-98df-c955b3cffdde' {
recordfail
insmod gzio
insmod part_msdos
insmod ext2
set root='hd0,msdos1'
if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos1 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos1 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos1 e20b187a-c3b0-45e1-98df-c955b3cffdde
else
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root e20b187a-c3b0-45e1-98df-c955b3cffdde
fi
echo 'Loading Linux 3.5.0-27-generic ...'
linux /boot/vmlinuz-3.5.0-27-generic root=UUID=e20b187a-c3b0-45e1-98df-c955b3cffdde ro recovery nomodeset
echo 'Loading initial ramdisk ...'
initrd /boot/initrd.img-3.5.0-27-generic
}
menuentry 'Ubuntu, with Linux 3.5.0-26-generic' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-3.5.0-26-generic-advanced-e20b187a-c3b0-45e1-98df-c955b3cffdde' {
recordfail
gfxmode $linux_gfx_mode
insmod gzio
insmod part_msdos
insmod ext2
set root='hd0,msdos1'
if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos1 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos1 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos1 e20b187a-c3b0-45e1-98df-c955b3cffdde
else
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root e20b187a-c3b0-45e1-98df-c955b3cffdde
fi
echo 'Loading Linux 3.5.0-26-generic ...'
linux /boot/vmlinuz-3.5.0-26-generic root=UUID=e20b187a-c3b0-45e1-98df-c955b3cffdde ro quiet splash $vt_handoff
echo 'Loading initial ramdisk ...'
initrd /boot/initrd.img-3.5.0-26-generic
}
menuentry 'Ubuntu, with Linux 3.5.0-26-generic (recovery mode)' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-3.5.0-26-generic-recovery-e20b187a-c3b0-45e1-98df-c955b3cffdde' {
recordfail
insmod gzio
insmod part_msdos
insmod ext2
set root='hd0,msdos1'
if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos1 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos1 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos1 e20b187a-c3b0-45e1-98df-c955b3cffdde
else
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root e20b187a-c3b0-45e1-98df-c955b3cffdde
fi
echo 'Loading Linux 3.5.0-26-generic ...'
linux /boot/vmlinuz-3.5.0-26-generic root=UUID=e20b187a-c3b0-45e1-98df-c955b3cffdde ro recovery nomodeset
echo 'Loading initial ramdisk ...'
initrd /boot/initrd.img-3.5.0-26-generic
}
menuentry 'Ubuntu, with Linux 3.5.0-17-generic' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-3.5.0-17-generic-advanced-e20b187a-c3b0-45e1-98df-c955b3cffdde' {
recordfail
gfxmode $linux_gfx_mode
insmod gzio
insmod part_msdos
insmod ext2
set root='hd0,msdos1'
if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos1 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos1 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos1 e20b187a-c3b0-45e1-98df-c955b3cffdde
else
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root e20b187a-c3b0-45e1-98df-c955b3cffdde
fi
echo 'Loading Linux 3.5.0-17-generic ...'
linux /boot/vmlinuz-3.5.0-17-generic root=UUID=e20b187a-c3b0-45e1-98df-c955b3cffdde ro quiet splash $vt_handoff
echo 'Loading initial ramdisk ...'
initrd /boot/initrd.img-3.5.0-17-generic
}
menuentry 'Ubuntu, with Linux 3.5.0-17-generic (recovery mode)' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-3.5.0-17-generic-recovery-e20b187a-c3b0-45e1-98df-c955b3cffdde' {
recordfail
insmod gzio
insmod part_msdos
insmod ext2
set root='hd0,msdos1'
if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos1 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos1 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos1 e20b187a-c3b0-45e1-98df-c955b3cffdde
else
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root e20b187a-c3b0-45e1-98df-c955b3cffdde
fi
echo 'Loading Linux 3.5.0-17-generic ...'
linux /boot/vmlinuz-3.5.0-17-generic root=UUID=e20b187a-c3b0-45e1-98df-c955b3cffdde ro recovery nomodeset
echo 'Loading initial ramdisk ...'
initrd /boot/initrd.img-3.5.0-17-generic
}
}
### END /etc/grub.d/10_linux ###
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/20_linux_xen ###
### END /etc/grub.d/20_linux_xen ###
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ###
### END /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ###
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/30_uefi-firmware ###
### END /etc/grub.d/30_uefi-firmware ###
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/40_custom ###
# This file provides an easy way to add custom menu entries. Simply type the
# menu entries you want to add after this comment. Be careful not to change
# the 'exec tail' line above.
### END /etc/grub.d/40_custom ###
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/41_custom ###
if [ -f ${config_directory}/custom.cfg ]; then
source ${config_directory}/custom.cfg
elif [ -z "${config_directory}" -a -f $prefix/custom.cfg ]; then
source $prefix/custom.cfg;
fi
### END /etc/grub.d/41_custom ###
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
=============================== sda1/etc/fstab: ================================
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# /etc/fstab: static file system information.
#
# Use 'blkid' to print the universally unique identifier for a
# device; this may be used with UUID= as a more robust way to name devices
# that works even if disks are added and removed. See fstab(5).
#
# <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>
# / was on /dev/sda1 during installation
UUID=e20b187a-c3b0-45e1-98df-c955b3cffdde / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1
# swap was on /dev/sda2 during installation
UUID=7663b629-19c9-49fc-a744-2beb2dcdb317 none swap sw 0 0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
=================== sda1: Location of files loaded by Grub: ====================
GiB - GB File Fragment(s)
= boot/grub/grub.cfg 1
= boot/initrd.img-3.5.0-17-generic 1
= boot/initrd.img-3.5.0-26-generic 1
= boot/initrd.img-3.5.0-27-generic 1
= boot/vmlinuz-3.5.0-17-generic 1
= boot/vmlinuz-3.5.0-26-generic 1
= boot/vmlinuz-3.5.0-27-generic 2
= initrd.img 1
= initrd.img.old 1
= vmlinuz 2
= vmlinuz.old 2
=============================== StdErr Messages: ===============================
awk: cmd. line:36: Math support is not compiled in
awk: cmd. line:36: Math support is not compiled in
awk: cmd. line:36: Math support is not compiled in
awk: cmd. line:36: Math support is not compiled in
awk: cmd. line:36: Math support is not compiled in
awk: cmd. line:36: Math support is not compiled in
awk: cmd. line:36: Math support is not compiled in
awk: cmd. line:36: Math support is not compiled in
awk: cmd. line:36: Math support is not compiled in
awk: cmd. line:36: Math support is not compiled in
awk: cmd. line:36: Math support is not compiled in
总之，Ubuntu 除了驻留的根分区 (sda1) 外，还有一个交换分区 (sda2)。那里一切都很好。Windows7 制作了 3 个分区，第一个 (sdb1) 用于 EFI，第二个 (sdb2) 为不相关的 Windows 保留，第三个 (sdb3) 是实际的 Windows 安装。
sdb1 的文件层次结构为
> ls -aR
.:
. .. EFI
./EFI:
. .. Boot Microsoft
./EFI/Boot:
. .. bootx64.efi
./EFI/Microsoft:
. .. Boot
./EFI/Microsoft/Boot:
. BCD BCD.LOG1 bootmgfw.efi BOOTSTAT.DAT da-DK el-GR es-ES Fonts hu-HU ja-JP memtest.efi nl-NL pt-BR ru-RU tr-TR zh-HK
.. BCD.LOG BCD.LOG2 bootmgr.efi cs-CZ de-DE en-US fi-FI fr-FR it-IT ko-KR nb-NO pl-PL pt-PT sv-SE zh-CN zh-TW
etc
通过使用
grub-mkdevicemap
在“/boot/grub”中生成了文件“device.map”，它标识 SSD 是（hd0），HDD 是（hd1）。hd0 是主启动设备，Grub2 位于此处。
在 grub-customizer 中，我尝试创建一个条目，将 grub2 定向到 Windows7 引导加载程序：
set root='(hd1,1)'
search-no-floppy-fs-uuid-set F428-FB77
drivemap -s (hd1) ${root}
chainloader +1
但是，在重新启动时从 grub 中选择它会出现此错误：
error: no such device: F428-FB77.
error: invalid signature.
Press any key to continue..._
我接近了吗？
答案1
您的问题是，您已在 BIOS 模式下安装了 Linux 和 GRUB，而您的 Windows 安装处于 EFI 模式。GRUB 无法切换启动模式，因此您无法对当前的GRUB 安装。您必须添加 EFI 模式 GRUB（或其他 EFI 模式启动程序，如 rEFInd）才能完成此工作。不幸的是，从您的工作安装中执行此操作很棘手，因为它需要使用名为 的 EFI 模式程序efibootmgr，而该程序无法在您当前的 BIOS 模式 Linux 启动中工作，从而产生了先有鸡还是先有蛋的难题。您可以从启动的紧急 Ubuntu 光盘中执行此操作在 EFI 模式下，但这会使 GRUB 设置过程变得复杂。请参阅我关于该主题的网页如果您想尝试此操作，请参阅有关 EFI 引导加载程序的信息以及如何手动安装它们。Ubuntu 的启动修复工具，从 EFI 模式紧急磁盘运行，将能够相对轻松地安装 EFI 模式 GRUB，但我对此并不十分确定。我也不喜欢 Boot Repair，因为它的更改相当笨拙。
另一个选择是放弃 GRUB，转而使用重新索引。如果您在 BIOS 模式下启动 Linux，/dev/sdb1在 处挂载（您的 ESP）/boot/efi，然后安装 Debian 软件包版本的 rEFInd，它应该会在您下次以 EFI 模式启动计算机时自行启动（您可能需要选择“Windows”选项才能启动它）。这通过使用一种变通方法来实现，虽然也有点笨拙，但在我看来，并不像 Boot Repair 那样糟糕。一旦您在 EFI 模式下启动 Linux，它也是可逆的：键入sudo mount /dev/sdb1 /boot/efi再次挂载 ESP（/etc/fstab为此创建一个条目是个好主意，无论您选择哪种解决方案），然后键入sudo mvrefind.sh /boot/efi/EFI/Microsoft/Boot /boot/efi/EFI/refind。
第三个选项是在 BIOS 模式下重新安装 Windows。为此，您需要清除 上的分区表/dev/sdb，将其从 GPT 转换为 MBR 格式，然后重新安装 Windows，确保在 BIOS 模式下执行此操作。这是最不优雅的解决方案，但如果您对 Windows 安装感到满意并且 上没有需要保留的数据/dev/sdb，那么它可能是最有可能成功且不会造成复杂情况的解决方案。