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如何添加新的键盘布局（自定义键盘布局定义）

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如何添加新的键盘布局（自定义键盘布局定义）

我想复制一个键盘布局/usr/share/X11/xkb/symbols/并更改它，然后从中生成一个新的布局。

如何添加新的键盘布局（例如名为“mylayout”）？

更新＃1：

我更改了以下文件以添加新布局：

  • /usr/share/X11/xkb/symbols/irwinxp（原本与 相同ir）：

    // Iranian keyboard layout

////////////////////////////////////////
// Persian layout,
// based on
// Information Technology – Layout of Persian Letters and Symbols on Computer Keyboards
// ISIRI 9147 – 1st Edition
// Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran
// http://www.isiri.org/UserStd/DownloadStd.aspx?id=9147
// http://behnam.esfahbod.info/standards/isiri-keyboard-9147.pdf
//
// Author: Behnam Esfahbod <[email protected]>
//

default  partial alphanumeric_keys
xkb_symbols "pes" {
    name[Group1]= "Persian";

    include "ir(pes_part_basic)"
    include "ir(pes_part_ext)"

    include "nbsp(zwnj2nb3nnb4)"
    include "level3(ralt_switch)"
};


partial alphanumeric_keys
xkb_symbols "pes_keypad" {
    name[Group1]= "Persian (with Persian Keypad)";

    include "ir(pes_part_basic)"
    include "ir(pes_part_keypad)"

    include "nbsp(zwnj2nb3nnb4)"
    include "level3(ralt_switch)"
};

partial hidden alphanumeric_keys
xkb_symbols "pes_part_basic" {

    // Persian digits
    key <AE01> { [ Farsi_1, exclam,     grave           ] };
    key <AE02> { [ Farsi_2, 0x100066c,  at          ] };
    key <AE03> { [ Farsi_3, 0x100066b,  numbersign      ] };
    key <AE04> { [ Farsi_4, 0x100fdfc,  dollar          ] };
    key <AE05> { [ Farsi_5, 0x100066a,  percent         ] };
    key <AE06> { [ Farsi_6, multiply,   asciicircum     ] };
    key <AE07> { [ Farsi_7, Arabic_comma,   ampersand       ] };
    key <AE08> { [ Farsi_8, asterisk,   enfilledcircbullet  ] };
    key <AE09> { [ Farsi_9, parenright, 0x100200e       ] };
    key <AE10> { [ Farsi_0, parenleft,  0x100200f       ] };

    // Persian letters and symbols
    key <AD01> { [ Arabic_dad,      Arabic_fathatan,    degree      ] }; // 2: Arabic_sukun
    key <AD02> { [ Arabic_sad,      Arabic_dammatan,    VoidSymbol  ] }; // 2: Arabic_dammatan
    key <AD03> { [ Arabic_theh,     Arabic_kasratan,    0x13a4      ] }; // 2: Arabic_kasratan
    key <AD04> { [ Arabic_qaf,      Arabic_fathatan,    VoidSymbol  ] };
    key <AD05> { [ Arabic_feh,      Arabic_comma,       VoidSymbol  ] }; // 2: Arabic_damma
    key <AD06> { [ Arabic_ghain,    Arabic_semicolon,   VoidSymbol  ] }; // 2: Arabic_kasra
    key <AD07> { [ Arabic_ain,      Arabic_fatha,       VoidSymbol  ] };
    key <AD08> { [ Arabic_heh,      Arabic_hamza_above, 0x100202d   ] }; // 2: Arabic_shadda
    key <AD09> { [ Arabic_khah,     bracketright,       0x100202e   ] };
    key <AD10> { [ Arabic_hah,      bracketleft,        0x100202c   ] };
    key <AD11> { [ Arabic_jeem,     braceright,     0x100202a   ] };
    key <AD12> { [ Arabic_tcheh,    braceleft,      0x100202b   ] };

    key <AC01> { [ Arabic_sheen,    Arabic_fatha,       VoidSymbol  ] }; // 2: Arabic_hamzaonwaw
    key <AC02> { [ Arabic_seen,     Arabic_damma,       VoidSymbol  ] }; // 2: Arabic_hamzaonyeh
    key <AC03> { [ Farsi_yeh,       Arabic_kasra,       Arabic_alefmaksura ] }; // 2: Arabic_yeh
    key <AC04> { [ Arabic_beh,      Arabic_shadda,  VoidSymbol  ] }; // 1: Arabic_hamzaunderalef
    key <AC05> { [ Arabic_lam,      0x10006c0,  VoidSymbol  ] };// 2: Arabic_hamzaonalef
    key <AC06> { [ Arabic_alef,     Arabic_maddaonalef, 0x1000671   ] };
    key <AC07> { [ Arabic_teh,      Arabic_tehmarbuta,  VoidSymbol  ] };
    key <AC08> { [ Arabic_noon,     guillemotright,     0x100fd3e   ] };
    key <AC09> { [ Arabic_meem,     guillemotleft,      0x100fd3f   ] };
    key <AC10> { [ Arabic_keheh,    colon,          semicolon   ] };
    key <AC11> { [ Arabic_gaf,      quotedbl,       quotedbl    ] }; // 2: Arabic_semicolon

    key <AB01> { [ Arabic_zah,      Arabic_kaf,     VoidSymbol  ] };
    key <AB02> { [ Arabic_tah,      0x1000653,      VoidSymbol  ] };
    key <AB03> { [ Arabic_zain,     Arabic_jeh,     VoidSymbol  ] };
    key <AB04> { [ Arabic_ra,       Arabic_hamzaonwaw   ,0x1000656  ] }; // 2: Arabic_superscript_alef ٰ
    key <AB05> { [ Arabic_thal,     0x100200c,      0x100200d   ] };
    key <AB06> { [ Arabic_dal,      Arabic_hamza_above, Arabic_hamza_below  ] };
    key <AB07> { [ Arabic_hamzaonyeh,   Arabic_hamza,       ellipsis    ] }; // 1: Arabic_peh
    key <AB08> { [ Arabic_waw,      greater,        comma       ] };
    key <AB09> { [ period,      less,           apostrophe  ] };
    key <AB10> { [ slash,       Arabic_question_mark,   question    ] };

    key <TLDE> { [ 0x100200d,       division,       asciitilde  ] };
    key <AE11> { [ minus,       Arabic_tatweel,     underscore  ] };
    key <AE12> { [ equal,       plus,           0x1002212   ] };
    key <BKSL> { [ Arabic_peh,      bar,            0x1002010   ] }; // 1: backslash
};

partial hidden alphanumeric_keys
xkb_symbols "pes_part_ext" {

    // Persian and ASCII digits
    key <AE01> { [ 0x10006f1,   exclam,     grave,          1   ] };
    key <AE02> { [ 0x10006f2,   0x100066c,  at,         2   ] };
    key <AE03> { [ 0x10006f3,   0x100066b,  numbersign,     3   ] };
    key <AE04> { [ 0x10006f4,   0x100fdfc,  dollar,         4   ] };
    key <AE05> { [ 0x10006f5,   0x100066a,  percent,        5   ] };
    key <AE06> { [ 0x10006f6,   multiply,   asciicircum,        6   ] };
    key <AE07> { [ 0x10006f7,   Arabic_comma,   ampersand,      7   ] };
    key <AE08> { [ 0x10006f8,   asterisk,   enfilledcircbullet, 8   ] };
    key <AE09> { [ 0x10006f9,   parenright, 0x100200e,      9   ] };
    key <AE10> { [ 0x10006f0,   parenleft,  0x100200f,      0   ] };
};

partial hidden alphanumeric_keys
xkb_symbols "pes_part_keypad" {

    // Persian digits and Mathematical operators
    key <KPDV> { [ division,    XF86_Ungrab ] };
    key <KPMU> { [ multiply,    XF86_ClearGrab  ] };
    key <KPSU> { [ 0x1002212,   XF86_Prev_VMode ] };
    key <KPAD> { [ plus,    XF86_Next_VMode ] };

    key <KPEN> { [ KP_Enter ] };
    key <KPEQ> { [ equal    ] };

    key <KP7>  { [ KP_Home, 0x10006f7   ] };
    key <KP8>  { [ KP_Up,   0x10006f8   ] };
    key <KP9>  { [ KP_Prior,    0x10006f9   ] };

    key <KP4>  { [ KP_Left, 0x10006f4   ] };
    key <KP5>  { [ KP_Begin,    0x10006f5   ] };
    key <KP6>  { [ KP_Right,    0x10006f6   ] };

    key <KP1>  { [ KP_End,  0x10006f1   ] };
    key <KP2>  { [ KP_Down, 0x10006f2   ] };
    key <KP3>  { [ KP_Next, 0x10006f3   ] };

    key <KP0>  { [ KP_Insert,   0x10006f0   ] };
    key <KPDL> { [ KP_Delete,   0x100066b   ] };
};


////////////////////////////////////////
// Kurdish Layout

partial alphanumeric_keys
xkb_symbols "ku" {
    include "tr(ku)"
    name[Group1]= "Kurdish (Iran, Latin Q)";
};

partial alphanumeric_keys
xkb_symbols "ku_f" {
    include "tr(ku_f)"
    name[Group1]= "Kurdish (Iran, F)";
};

partial alphanumeric_keys
xkb_symbols "ku_alt" {
    include "tr(ku_alt)"
    name[Group1]= "Kurdish (Iran, Latin Alt-Q)";
};

////////////////////////////////////////
// Kurdish Soranî Bahdînî (Arabic) keyboard layout,
// based on the Kurdî Soranî Bahdînî keyboard from KurdITGroup
// which is based on National Iranian Keyboard Standard (ISIRI 2901:1994),
// with additions.
//
// Copyright (C) 2006 Erdal Ronahî, published under the GPL v2
//
// Special copyright note: author explicitly permitted to license this 
// layout under MIT/X11 license, for details see
// https://bugs.freedesktop.org/show_bug.cgi?id=9541
//
// Author: Erdal Ronahî  <[email protected]>
//
// Kurdish Arabic-Latin Layout for Soranî

partial alphanumeric_keys
xkb_symbols "ku_ara" {
    name[Group1]= "Kurdish (Iran, Arabic-Latin)";

    // Other 3-Level symbols
    key <TLDE> { [ 0x100200d,       division,       asciitilde  ] };
    key <BKSL> { [ backslash,       bar,            ccedilla, Ccedilla  ] };

    // Digits
    key <AE01> { [ 1,   exclam,     0x10006f1,  grave       ] };
    key <AE02> { [ 2,   at,         0x10006f2,  at      ] };
    key <AE03> { [ 3,   numbersign, 0x10006f3,  0x100066b   ] };
    key <AE04> { [ 4,   dollar,     0x10006f4,  0x100fdfc   ] };
    key <AE05> { [ 5,   percent,    0x10006f5,  0x100066a   ] };
    key <AE06> { [ 6,   asciicircum,    0x10006f6,  multiply    ] };
    key <AE07> { [ 7,   ampersand,  0x10006f7,  Arabic_comma    ] };
    key <AE08> { [ 8,   asterisk,   0x10006f8,  enfilledcircbullet  ] };
    key <AE09> { [ 9,   parenright, 0x10006f9,  0x100200e   ] };
    key <AE10> { [ 0,   parenleft,  0x10006f0,  0x100200f   ] };
    key <AE11> { [ minus,       Arabic_tatweel,     underscore  ] };
    key <AE12> { [ equal,       plus,           0x1002212   ] };

    key <AD01> { [         Arabic_qaf,            X,  q,  Q ] };
    key <AD02> { [         Arabic_waw,            X,  w,  W ] };
    key <AD03> { [          0x10006d5,   Arabic_heh,  e,  E ] };
    key <AD04> { [         Arabic_ra ,    0x1000695,  r,  R ] };
    key <AD05> { [         Arabic_teh,   Arabic_tah,  t,  T ] };
    key <AD06> { [          0x10006cc,    0x10006ce,  y,  Y ] };
    key <AD07> { [  Arabic_hamzaonyeh, Arabic_hamza,  u,  U ] };
    key <AD08> { [         Arabic_hah,   Arabic_ain,  i,  I ] };
    key <AD09> { [          0x10006c6, Arabic_hamzaonwaw,  o,  O ] };
    key <AD10> { [          0x100067e,  Arabic_theh,  p,  P ] };
    key <AD11> { [ bracketright,    braceright, ucircumflex, Ucircumflex    ] };
    key <AD12> { [ bracketleft,     braceleft,  scedilla, Scedilla  ] };

    key <AC01> { [ Arabic_alef, Arabic_maddaonalef, a, A    ] };
    key <AC02> { [ Arabic_seen,     Arabic_sheen,   s, S    ] };
    key <AC03> { [  Arabic_dal,     Arabic_thal,    d, D    ] };
    key <AC04> { [  Arabic_feh, Arabic_hamzaunderalef,  f, F    ] };
    key <AC05> { [   0x10006af,     Arabic_ghain,   g, G    ] };
    key <AC06> { [  Arabic_heh,     0x100200c,  h, H    ] };
    key <AC07> { [   0x1000698, Arabic_hamzaonalef, j, J    ] };
    key <AC08> { [   0x10006a9,     Arabic_kaf, k, K    ] };
    key <AC09> { [  Arabic_lam,     0x10006b5,  l, L    ] };
    key <AC10> { [  Arabic_semicolon,   colon,      ecircumflex, Ecircumflex    ] };
    key <AC11> { [  apostrophe,     quotedbl,   icircumflex, Icircumflex    ] };

    key <AB01> { [ Arabic_zain,     Arabic_dad, z, Z    ] };
    key <AB02> { [ Arabic_khah,     Arabic_sad, x, X    ] };
    key <AB03> { [ Arabic_jeem,     0x1000686,  c, C    ] };
    key <AB04> { [   0x10006a4,     Arabic_zah, v, V    ] };
    key <AB05> { [ Arabic_beh,      0x1000649,  b, B    ] };
    key <AB06> { [ Arabic_noon, Arabic_tehmarbuta,  n, N    ] };
    key <AB07> { [ Arabic_meem, Arabic_tatweel,     m, M    ] };
    key <AB08> { [ Arabic_comma,    greater,    comma       ] };
    key <AB09> { [ period,      less,       apostrophe  ] };
    key <AB10> { [ slash,       Arabic_question_mark,   question    ] };

    include "nbsp(zwnj2nb3)"
    include "level3(ralt_switch)"
};

// EXTRAS:

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// Generated keyboard layout file with the Keyboard Layout Editor.
// For more about the software, see http://code.google.com/p/keyboardlayouteditor
//
// Version 0.2, fixed AD09.
//
// Layout by Ernst Tremel, http://ubuntuforums.org/showpost.php?p=9365469&postcount=32
// Creation of this file by Simos Xenitellis.

partial alphanumeric_keys
xkb_symbols "ave"
{
    name[Group1] = "Avestan";

    key <AB01> { [ U10B30,         U10B32 ] }; //

答案1

创建自定义键盘布局

例如，我想添加一个新的修改英语（国际 AltGr 死键）r美国布局，将, R& t,互换T。我将它命名为XY 交换：RT 英语（国际 AltGr 死键）。

  1. 创建新的符号文件：

    sudo nano /usr/share/X11/xkb/symbols/xy

     default  partial alphanumeric_keys
 xkb_symbols "basic" {

    name[Group1]= "XY swapped:RT English (international AltGr dead keys)";

    include "us(altgr-intl)"

 // my custom changes:

    key <AD04> { [        t, T,           ediaeresis,   Ediaeresis      ] };
    key <AD05> { [        r, R,           thorn,        THORN           ] };


    include "level3(ralt_switch)"
 };

    include "us(altgr-intl)"意味着它从该布局中继承了所有键，只有这里的键被覆盖。

    您可以使用键盘布局编辑器这是一个帮助创建或编辑 XKB 键盘布局的 GUI 程序。感谢@Glutanimate

  2. 将新的布局声明添加到/usr/share/X11/xkb/rules/evdev.xml（复制并修改us布局部分）

    参考：在“设置”中提供新的键盘布局变体吗？

    sudo gedit /usr/share/X11/xkb/rules/evdev.xml

     ...
 <layout>
   <configItem>
     <name>xy</name>

     <shortDescription>en</shortDescription>
     <description>XY swapped:RT English (international AltGr dead keys)</description>
     <languageList>
              <iso639Id>eng</iso639Id>
              <iso639Id>fra</iso639Id>
              <iso639Id>ger</iso639Id>
     </languageList>
   </configItem>
   <variantList>
   </variantList>
 </layout>
 ...

  3. 删除 xkb 缓存。

     sudo rm /var/lib/xkb/*.xkm

    笔记：

    要加载布局菜单的更改，只需重新启动 gnome-keyboard-preferences；无需重新启动窗口管理器。

    Ubuntu 13.10 版中有一个变化，导致在修改“/usr/share/X11/xkb/symbols”中的文件后键盘设置缓存不会刷新。看起来更改没有应用。要强制刷新缓存，应该从“/var/lib/xkb”中删除 *.xkm 文件。

    参考： 如何：自定义键盘布局定义

    或者

     sudo dpkg-reconfigure xkb-data

    参考： 为什么 13.10 破坏了我的自定义键盘布局？

    自定义键盘布局

回复修复 OP 修改

  • （更新 #1 错误的父级布局）您已经修改了文件xkb_symbols "pes_part_basic"中的内容irwinxp：没关系。

    但文件xkb_symbols "pes"中irwinxp仍然存在：

      include "ir(pes_part_basic)"

    应该是：

      include "irwinxp(pes_part_basic)"

  • （更新#2 自定义图标) 如果<shortDescription>en</shortDescription>更改为<shortDescription>xy</shortDescription>。那么新的布局将不同于En，它将显示为Xy。

    很可能在 中没有它的图标ubuntu-mono。然后指示器将动态生成新的图标，该图标可能不符合当前主题。

    1. 复制深色/浅色单色主题的任何布局图标：

       sudo cp /usr/share/icons/ubuntu-mono-dark/status/22/indicator-keyboard-En.svg /usr/share/icons/ubuntu-mono-dark/status/22/indicator-keyboard-Xy.svg
 sudo cp /usr/share/icons/ubuntu-mono-light/status/22/indicator-keyboard-En.svg /usr/share/icons/ubuntu-mono-light/status/22/indicator-keyboard-Xy.svg

    2. SVG 文件只是 XML。打开后进行编辑并将文本值从 更改En为Xy：

       sudo nano /usr/share/icons/ubuntu-mono-dark/status/22/indicator-keyboard-Xy.svg
 sudo nano /usr/share/icons/ubuntu-mono-light/status/22/indicator-keyboard-Xy.svg

      例子：

       <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <svg width="22" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1" height="22">
  <defs>
   <mask id="m">
    <rect y="0" x="0" style="fill:#fff" height="22" width="22"/>
    <text y="15.5" x="5" style="font-size:12;font-family:Ubuntu;font-weight:500;fill:black">Xy</text>
   </mask>
  </defs>
  <rect style="fill:#dfdbd2" mask="url(#m)" rx="2" height="20" width="20" y="1" x="1"/>
 </svg>

    3. 更新主题缓存：

       sudo update-icon-caches /usr/share/icons/ubuntu-mono-*/

    4. 退出/登录

      带有自定义图标的新布局

其他有用的参考资料

答案2

多年来，我一直在使用上述答案的变体，但随着 Ubuntu 的新版本出现问题，并且可能是由于切换到 Wayland，所以我寻找另一种方法。

似乎已经引入了一种更方便、更简洁（因为一切都在用户空间中）的指定键盘布局自定义的方法。这已在 GNOME/Wayland 下的 22.04 LTS 和 21.10 上进行了测试；它在 X.org 下不起作用。

下面是一个将 PrtSc（“打印屏幕”）键重新映射为“菜单”键的示例。我发现这在我的 ThinkPad 键盘上很有用，因为它用这个不太有用的（在我看来）前一个键代替了后者。

mkdir -p ~/.config/xkb/{symbols,rules}
cd ~/.config/xkb
cat > rules/evdev << EOF
! option = symbols
  custom:prtscmenu = +custom(prtscmenu)

! include %S/evdev
EOF
cat > symbols/custom << EOF
partial modifier_keys
xkb_symbols "prtscmenu" {
  key <PRSC> { [ Menu ] };
};
EOF

在上面，我们在主目录的目录中创建了几个名为rules/evdev和的文件。注意：不需要或修改任何系统文件。symbols/custom.config/xkbsudo

在这些文件中，我们定义了一个自定义选项，并调用了该选项prtscmenu（您可以使用任何您喜欢的选项，只需替换所有出现的字符串），最后我们使用“熟悉的”XKB 语法根据<PRSC>需要覆盖（“print screen”）键。语法与接受的答案中使用的语法相同。

最后，为了应用此选项（或禁用它），无论加载哪个键盘，只需运行：

# apply custom layout:
gsettings set org.gnome.desktop.input-sources xkb-options "['custom:prtscmenu']"
# disable custom layout:
gsettings set org.gnome.desktop.input-sources xkb-options "[]"

可以轻松将它们设置为别名，以使事情变得更容易。

另外几点：

  • 您可以定义多个这样的自定义并分别应用它们（xkb-option上面的 GSettings 接受一个数组）
  • 与接受的答案不同，这不会生成完全独立的布局。因此，假设您在工作流程中切换不同的布局（例如美国和您自己的语言环境），您可以prtscmenu在每个布局上应用相同的自定义。

资料来源：https://who-t.blogspot.com/2020/02/user-specific-xkb-configuration-part-1.html

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