dpkg -l以下是我的 Ubuntu 系统上的命令输出，
Desired=Unknown/Install/Remove/Purge/Hold
| Status=Not/Inst/Conf-files/Unpacked/halF-conf/Half-inst/trig-aWait/Trig-pend
|/ Err?=(none)/Reinst-required (Status,Err: uppercase=bad)
||/ Name Version Architecture Description
+++-===============================-==========================================-============-===============================================================================
ii adduser 3.113+nmu3ubuntu3 all add and remove users and groups
ii apt 1.0.1ubuntu2.19 amd64 commandline package manager
ii apt-utils 1.0.1ubuntu2.19 amd64 package management related utility programs
ii base-files 7.2ubuntu5.5 amd64 Debian base system miscellaneous files
ii base-passwd 3.5.33 amd64 Debian base system master password and group files
ii bash 4.3-7ubuntu1.7 amd64 GNU Bourne Again SHell
ii bsdutils 1:2.20.1-5.1ubuntu20.9 amd64 Basic utilities from 4.4BSD-Lite
ii busybox-initramfs 1:1.21.0-1ubuntu1 amd64 Standalone shell setup for initramfs
ii bzip2 1.0.6-5 amd64 high-quality block-sorting file compressor - utilities
ii console-setup 1.70ubuntu8 all console font and keymap setup program
ii coreutils 8.21-1ubuntu5.4 amd64 GNU core utilities
ii cpio 2.11+dfsg-1ubuntu1.2 amd64 GNU cpio -- a program to manage archives of files
ii cron 3.0pl1-124ubuntu2 amd64 process scheduling daemon
ii dash 0.5.7-4ubuntu1 amd64 POSIX-compliant shell
ii debconf 1.5.51ubuntu2 all Debian configuration management system
ii debconf-i18n 1.5.51ubuntu2 all full internationalization support for debconf
ii debianutils 4.4 amd64 Miscellaneous utilities specific to Debian
ii dh-python 1.20140128-1ubuntu8.2 all Debian helper tools for packaging Python libraries and applications
ii diffutils 1:3.3-1 amd64 File comparison utilities
ii dmsetup 2:1.02.77-6ubuntu2 amd64 Linux Kernel Device Mapper userspace library
ii dpkg 1.17.5ubuntu5.8 amd64 Debian package management system
ii e2fslibs:amd64 1.42.9-3ubuntu1.3 amd64 ext2/ext3/ext4 file system libraries
ii e2fsprogs 1.42.9-3ubuntu1.3 amd64 ext2/ext3/ext4 file system utilities
ii eject 2.1.5+deb1+cvs20081104-13.1ubuntu0.14.04.1 amd64 ejects CDs and operates CD-Changers under Linux
ii file 1:5.14-2ubuntu3.4 amd64 Determines file type using "magic" numbers
ii findutils 4.4.2-7 amd64 utilities for finding files--find, xargs
ii gcc-4.8-base:amd64 4.8.4-2ubuntu1~14.04.4 amd64 GCC, the GNU Compiler Collection (base package)
ii gcc-4.9-base:amd64 4.9.3-0ubuntu4 amd64 GCC, the GNU Compiler Collection (base package)
:amd64某些软件包名称末尾的 ，例如e2fslibs:amd64或 ，是什么意思gcc-4.8-base:amd64？为什么不为所有软件包指定体系结构？
答案1
:amd64名称中包含 的应用程序（即zlib1g:amd64）也可以:i386安装其对应版本而不会丢失任何内容，并且它们可以在系统中共存。名称中未指定 的应用程序（即xwayland）将删除该amd64版本并安装i386已安装的版本（如果已安装该版本），反之亦然。all体系结构列中带有 的应用程序表示该应用程序与两者兼容i386，amd64无需安装对应版本。
例子：
$ dpkg -l
ii xwayland 2:1.19.6-1ub amd64 Xwayland X server
ii xxd 2:8.0.1453-1 amd64 tool to make (or reverse) a hex d
ii xz-utils 5.2.2-1.3 amd64 XZ-format compression utilities
ii xzoom 0.3-24build1 amd64 magnify part of X display, with r
ii yasm 1.3.0-2build amd64 modular assembler with multiple s
ii yelp 3.26.0-1ubun amd64 Help browser for GNOME
ii yelp-xsl 3.20.1-4 all XSL stylesheets for the yelp help
ii zenity 3.28.1-1 amd64 Display graphical dialog boxes fr
ii zenity-common 3.28.1-1 all Display graphical dialog boxes fr
ii zip 3.0-11build1 amd64 Archiver for .zip files
ii zlib1g:amd64 1:1.2.11.dfs amd64 compression library - runtime
ii zlib1g:i386 1:1.2.11.dfs i386 compression library - runtime
ii zlib1g-dev:amd 1:1.2.11.dfs amd64 compression library - development
$ sudo apt install xwayland:i386
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
libaudit1:i386 libbz2-1.0:i386 libcap-ng0:i386 libepoxy0:i386
libfontenc1:i386 libxfont2:i386
The following packages will be REMOVED:
ubuntu-session xwayland
The following NEW packages will be installed:
libaudit1:i386 libbz2-1.0:i386 libcap-ng0:i386 libepoxy0:i386
libfontenc1:i386 libxfont2:i386 xwayland:i386
0 upgraded, 7 newly installed, 2 to remove and 31 not upgraded.
Need to get 1,291 kB of archives.
After this operation, 1,799 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] ^C
$ sudo apt install zlib1g-dev:i386
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
libc6-dev:i386 linux-libc-dev:i386
Suggested packages:
glibc-doc:i386
The following NEW packages will be installed:
libc6-dev:i386 linux-libc-dev:i386 zlib1g-dev:i386
0 upgraded, 3 newly installed, 0 to remove and 31 not upgraded.
Need to get 3,435 kB of archives.
After this operation, 19.8 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] ^C
希望这可以帮助！