这很常见，当我的文件权限更改为 时，我正在做我的事情read-only。我立即重启电脑，但无法启动，所以我强制关闭电源，然后输入fsck /dev/sda2。问题出在哪里？为什么总是发生这种情况？这台电脑已经八个月了。
我很担心，因为上次我sudo fsck -f /dev/sda2在 Live Ubuntu 中输入时，输出显示了以下内容：
Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes
Inode 19411393 seems to contain garbage. Clear? yes
...
Inode 19412112 seems to contain garbage. Clear? yes
...
Pass 2: Checking directory structure
Entry 'Captura de pantalla de 2020-04-14 17-02-34.png' in /home/pasta/ImM-CM-!genes (19398749) has deleted/unused inode 19411936. Clear? yes
...
Entry 'bdcc59467787cae82ff54abaec1dd5497e4d0d' in /home/pasta/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/35 (19398823) has deleted/unused inode 19411992. Clear? yes
...
Pass 5: Checking group summary information
Block bitmap differences: -(625760--625791) ... -(500 OF THESE, MORE OR LESS) ... -(159426726--159426729)
Fix? yes
的输出dmesg引起了我的注意：
[ 39.721010] pcieport 0000:00:1c.5: AER: PCIe Bus Error: severity=Corrected, type=Physical Layer, (Receiver ID)
[ 39.721019] pcieport 0000:00:1c.5: AER: device [8086:9d15] error status/mask=00000001/00002000
[ 39.721024] pcieport 0000:00:1c.5: AER: [ 0] RxErr
...
[ 170.652599] blk_update_request: I/O error, dev sdb, sector 4096 op 0x0:(READ) flags 0x80700 phys_seg 1 prio class 0
[ 170.652736] blk_update_request: I/O error, dev sdb, sector 4096 op 0x0:(READ) flags 0x0 phys_seg 1 prio class 0
[ 170.652744] Buffer I/O error on dev sdb1, logical block 256, async page read
sudo smartctl -a /dev/sda2之后的输出sudo smartctl -t long /dev/sda2：
smartctl 6.6 2016-05-31 r4324 [x86_64-linux-5.3.0-46-generic] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-16, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Device Model: TOSHIBA MQ04ABF100
Serial Number: X8JBP3K2T
LU WWN Device Id: 5 000039 8d268714d
Firmware Version: JU001J
User Capacity: 1.000.204.886.016 bytes [1,00 TB]
Sector Sizes: 512 bytes logical, 4096 bytes physical
Rotation Rate: 5400 rpm
Form Factor: 2.5 inches
Device is: Not in smartctl database [for details use: -P showall]
ATA Version is: ACS-3 T13/2161-D revision 5
SATA Version is: SATA >3.2 (0x1ff), 6.0 Gb/s (current: 6.0 Gb/s)
Local Time is: Tue Apr 14 22:33:42 2020 -04
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status: (0x00) Offline data collection activity
was never started.
Auto Offline Data Collection: Disabled.
Self-test execution status: ( 0) The previous self-test routine completed
without error or no self-test has ever
been run.
Total time to complete Offline
data collection: ( 120) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities: (0x5b) SMART execute Offline immediate.
Auto Offline data collection on/off support.
Suspend Offline collection upon new
command.
Offline surface scan supported.
Self-test supported.
No Conveyance Self-test supported.
Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities: (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering
power-saving mode.
Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability: (0x01) Error logging supported.
General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 2) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 172) minutes.
SCT capabilities: (0x003d) SCT Status supported.
SCT Error Recovery Control supported.
SCT Feature Control supported.
SCT Data Table supported.
SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 16
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x000b 100 100 050 Pre-fail Always - 0
2 Throughput_Performance 0x0005 100 100 050 Pre-fail Offline - 0
3 Spin_Up_Time 0x0027 100 100 001 Pre-fail Always - 1294
4 Start_Stop_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 636
5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0033 100 100 050 Pre-fail Always - 0
7 Seek_Error_Rate 0x000b 100 095 050 Pre-fail Always - 0
8 Seek_Time_Performance 0x0005 100 100 050 Pre-fail Offline - 0
9 Power_On_Hours 0x0032 096 096 000 Old_age Always - 1743
10 Spin_Retry_Count 0x0033 112 100 030 Pre-fail Always - 0
12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 451
191 G-Sense_Error_Rate 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 1359
192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 23
193 Load_Cycle_Count 0x0032 095 095 000 Old_age Always - 50104
194 Temperature_Celsius 0x0022 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 35 (Min/Max 13/45)
196 Reallocated_Event_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
197 Current_Pending_Sector 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
198 Offline_Uncorrectable 0x0030 100 100 000 Old_age Offline - 0
199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0
220 Disk_Shift 0x0002 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
222 Loaded_Hours 0x0032 097 097 000 Old_age Always - 1533
223 Load_Retry_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
224 Load_Friction 0x0022 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
226 Load-in_Time 0x0026 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 264
240 Head_Flying_Hours 0x0001 100 100 001 Pre-fail Offline - 0
SMART Error Log Version: 1
ATA Error Count: 1
CR = Command Register [HEX]
FR = Features Register [HEX]
SC = Sector Count Register [HEX]
SN = Sector Number Register [HEX]
CL = Cylinder Low Register [HEX]
CH = Cylinder High Register [HEX]
DH = Device/Head Register [HEX]
DC = Device Command Register [HEX]
ER = Error register [HEX]
ST = Status register [HEX]
Powered_Up_Time is measured from power on, and printed as
DDd+hh:mm:SS.sss where DD=days, hh=hours, mm=minutes,
SS=sec, and sss=millisec. It "wraps" after 49.710 days.
Error 1 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 1096 hours (45 days + 16 hours)
When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was active or idle.
After command completion occurred, registers were:
ER ST SC SN CL CH DH
-- -- -- -- -- -- --
04 31 00 02 59 d7 a9
Commands leading to the command that caused the error were:
CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC Powered_Up_Time Command/Feature_Name
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---------------- --------------------
ea 00 00 00 00 00 a0 00 05:01:42.830 FLUSH CACHE EXT
61 58 30 38 f9 20 40 00 05:01:42.830 WRITE FPDMA QUEUED
61 08 80 08 f9 1b 40 00 05:01:42.829 WRITE FPDMA QUEUED
61 08 78 a0 b8 52 40 00 05:01:42.788 WRITE FPDMA QUEUED
61 30 70 58 0c 50 40 00 05:01:42.788 WRITE FPDMA QUEUED
SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
Num Test_Description Status Remaining LifeTime(hours) LBA_of_first_error
# 1 Extended offline Completed without error 00% 1743 -
# 2 Extended offline Completed without error 00% 1728 -
SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1
SPAN MIN_LBA MAX_LBA CURRENT_TEST_STATUS
1 0 0 Not_testing
2 0 0 Not_testing
3 0 0 Not_testing
4 0 0 Not_testing
5 0 0 Not_testing
Selective self-test flags (0x0):
After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.
If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.
答案1
如果在启动时或运行时检测到文件系统问题（如果磁盘访问丢失超过一定时间），操作系统会将您的根分区重新挂载为只读。smartctl您显示的输出尚未表明磁盘计数器存在问题，但 SMART 日志显示迄今为止没有出现磁盘访问问题。
尝试在您的驱动器上运行完整的 SMART 检查：smartctl -t long /dev/sda。如果没有发现任何东西，您应该启动 Live Linux（例如 Knoppix、Linux Mint 等）并fsck -f在未安装的驱动器上运行。
大多数情况下，无法访问驱动器是由于驱动器有缺陷造成的，较少是由于 SATA 电缆或控制器有缺陷造成的。