我刚买的廉价 USB 驱动器出现问题。这就是我到目前为止所做的。
首先，检查其设备 ID 后，我擦除了它：
$ sudo dd status=progress if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdi
4027441664 bytes (4.0 GB, 3.8 GiB) copied, 1334 s, 3.0 MB/s
dd: writing to '/dev/sdi': No space left on device
7866369+0 records in
7866368+0 records out
4027580416 bytes (4.0 GB, 3.8 GiB) copied, 1462.23 s, 2.8 MB/s
然后我在上面创建了一个分区：
$ sudo fdisk /dev/sdi
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.29.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Device does not contain a recognized partition table.
Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xd899fea4.
Command (m for help): n
Partition type
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p):
Using default response p.
Partition number (1-4, default 1):
First sector (2048-7866367, default 2048):
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-7866367, default 7866367): +2G
Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 2 GiB.
然后我把它变成FAT：
Command (m for help): t
Selected partition 1
Partition type (type L to list all types): c
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'W95 FAT32 (LBA)'.
Command (m for help):
然后我创建了第二个分区：
Command (m for help): n
Partition type
p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p):
Using default response p.
Partition number (2-4, default 2):
First sector (4196352-7866367, default 4196352):
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (4196352-7866367, default 7866367):
Created a new partition 2 of type 'Linux' and of size 1.8 GiB.
然后我也把它变成FAT：
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1,2, default 2):
Partition type (type L to list all types): c
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'W95 FAT32 (LBA)'.
然后我将第二个分区设为可引导：
Command (m for help): a
Partition number (1,2, default 2):
The bootable flag on partition 2 is enabled now.
然后我检查一切正常后保存它：
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdi: 3.8 GiB, 4027580416 bytes, 7866368 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xd899fea4
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sdi1 2048 4196351 4194304 2G c W95 FAT32 (LBA)
/dev/sdi2 * 4196352 7866367 3670016 1.8G c W95 FAT32 (LBA)
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered.
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
然后我创建了文件系统：
$ sudo mkfs.vfat /dev/sdi1
mkfs.fat 4.1 (2017-01-24)
$ sudo mkfs.vfat /dev/sdi2
mkfs.fat 4.1 (2017-01-24)
然后我尝试安装它们，这就是我发现问题的地方：
$ sudo mount /dev/sdi1 /mnt/1
$ sudo mount /dev/sdi2 /mnt/2
mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/sdi2,
missing codepage or helper program, or other error
In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try
dmesg | tail or so.
如您所见，我无法安装第二个分区。所以首先我检查 /mnt/2 确实存在：
$ tree /mnt
/mnt
├── 1
├── 2
├── 3
└── laura
4 directories, 0 files
然后我尝试改回可启动标志，但无济于事：
$ sudo fdisk /dev/sdi
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.29.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): a
Partition number (1,2, default 2):
The bootable flag on partition 2 is disabled now.
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered.
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Re-reading the partition table failed.: Device or resource busy
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8).
$ sudo umount /mnt/1
$ sudo partprobe
$ sudo mount /dev/sdi1 /mnt/1
$ sudo mount /dev/sdi2 /mnt/2
mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/sdi2,
missing codepage or helper program, or other error
In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try
dmesg | tail or so.
接下来，我尝试更改分区类型：
$ sudo umount /mnt/1
$ sudo fdisk /dev/sdi
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.29.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1,2, default 2):
Partition type (type L to list all types): 83
Changed type of partition 'W95 FAT32 (LBA)' to 'Linux'.
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1,2, default 2): 1
Partition type (type L to list all types): 83
Changed type of partition 'W95 FAT32 (LBA)' to 'Linux'.
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered.
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
并创建了 ext4 文件系统：
$ sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdi1
mke2fs 1.43.4 (31-Jan-2017)
/dev/sdi1 contains a vfat file system
Proceed anyway? (y,N) y
Creating filesystem with 524288 4k blocks and 131072 inodes
Filesystem UUID: 25ddfdac-d7eb-4c00-b0fe-c58a46cfac17
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (16384 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
$ sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdi2
mke2fs 1.43.4 (31-Jan-2017)
/dev/sdi2 contains `ISO-8859 text, with very long lines, with no line terminators' data
Proceed anyway? (y,N) y
Creating filesystem with 458752 4k blocks and 114688 inodes
Filesystem UUID: 5cdf13ed-453a-4947-9a5e-84b32a426648
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (8192 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
请注意，据报道 /dev/sdi2 包含“ISO-8859 文本，行很长，没有行终止符数据”，而不是 vfat 文件系统。
当我尝试安装分区时，它们都不起作用：
$ sudo mount /dev/sdi1 /mnt/1
mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/sdi1,
missing codepage or helper program, or other error
In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try
dmesg | tail or so.
$ sudo mount /dev/sdi2 /mnt/2
mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/sdi2,
missing codepage or helper program, or other error
In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try
dmesg | tail or so.
所以我决定改变它们的尺寸。为此，我删除了分区并重新创建了不同大小的分区：
$ sudo fdisk /dev/sdi
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.29.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1,2, default 2):
Partition 2 has been deleted.
Command (m for help): d
Selected partition 1
Partition 1 has been deleted.
Command (m for help): n
Partition type
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p):
Using default response p.
Partition number (1-4, default 1):
First sector (2048-7866367, default 2048):
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-7866367, default 7866367): +128M
Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 128 MiB.
Partition #1 contains a ext4 signature.
Do you want to remove the signature? [Y]es/[N]o: y
The signature will be removed by a write command.
Command (m for help): n
Partition type
p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p):
Using default response p.
Partition number (2-4, default 2):
First sector (264192-7866367, default 264192):
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (264192-7866367, default 7866367):
Created a new partition 2 of type 'Linux' and of size 3.6 GiB.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdi: 3.8 GiB, 4027580416 bytes, 7866368 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xd899fea4
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sdi1 2048 264191 262144 128M 83 Linux
/dev/sdi2 264192 7866367 7602176 3.6G 83 Linux
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered.
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
现在我创建了他们的 ext4 文件系统：
$ sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdi1
mke2fs 1.43.4 (31-Jan-2017)
Creating filesystem with 131072 1k blocks and 32768 inodes
Filesystem UUID: 6ddbd9b9-590d-4566-9bd7-542fe208d3e3
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (4096 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
$ sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdi2
mke2fs 1.43.4 (31-Jan-2017)
/dev/sdi2 contains `Lotus unknown worksheet or configuration, revision 0x0' data
Proceed anyway? (y,N) y
Creating filesystem with 950272 4k blocks and 237568 inodes
Filesystem UUID: 496ff913-1af7-4b9f-942a-29ae431cc9b2
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (16384 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
再次注意 /dev/sdi2 报告如何包含“Lotus 未知工作表或配置，修订版 0x0 数据”
当我尝试挂载分区时，出现了同样的问题：
$ sudo mount /dev/sdi1 /mnt/1
$ sudo mount /dev/sdi2 /mnt/2
mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/sdi2,
missing codepage or helper program, or other error
In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try
dmesg | tail or so.
然后我尝试将它们的类型更改回 FAT 并创建 fat 文件系统：
$ sudo umount /mnt/1
$ sudo fdisk /dev/sdi
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.29.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1,2, default 2): 1
Partition type (type L to list all types): c
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'W95 FAT32 (LBA)'.
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1,2, default 2):
Partition type (type L to list all types): c
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'W95 FAT32 (LBA)'.
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered.
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
$ sudo mkfs.vfat /dev/sdi1
mkfs.fat 4.1 (2017-01-24)
$ sudo mkfs.vfat /dev/sdi2
mkfs.fat 4.1 (2017-01-24)
然后，当我尝试安装它们时，你猜怎么着：
$ sudo mount /dev/sdi1 /mnt/1
$ sudo mount /dev/sdi2 /mnt/2
$ echo "hello" | sudo tee /mnt/2/hi
hello
$ cat /mnt/2/hi
hello
哒哒！有用！
然而，我需要分区具有原始大小。有任何想法吗？这是硬件问题吗？这个USB是不是太垃圾了？
答案1
我怀疑它是一个流氓USB，对自己的容量有夸大的想法。获取一个测试该事物的程序，以确保多个逻辑块不会映射到同一物理块上。
不幸的是，其中大多数似乎都是 Windows 程序：
但那只是通过快速的谷歌。我看到了这个，虽然我还没有尝试过：
答案2
我安装了F3工具米歇尔·马查多。当我使用 Arch Linux 时，我做了：
$ cd /tmp
$ git clone https://aur.archlinux.org/f3.git
$ cd f3
$ makepkg -si
然后我用f3probe测试U盘是否确实是假的：
$ sudo f3probe /dev/sdi
F3 probe 6.0
Copyright (C) 2010 Digirati Internet LTDA.
This is free software; see the source for copying conditions.
WARNING: Probing normally takes from a few seconds to 15 minutes, but
it can take longer. Please be patient.
Probe finished, recovering blocks... Done
Bad news: The device `/dev/sdi' is a counterfeit of type limbo
You can "fix" this device using the following command:
f3fix --last-sec=473913 /dev/sdi
Device geometry:
*Usable* size: 231.40 MB (473914 blocks)
Announced size: 3.75 GB (7866368 blocks)
Module: 4.00 GB (2^32 Bytes)
Approximate cache size: 1.00 MB (2048 blocks), need-reset=no
Physical block size: 512.00 Byte (2^9 Bytes)
Probe time: 42.34s