我升级到 13.04 之后声音就不工作了。当我查看声音小程序时，唯一列出的设备是 Dummy Output。我在网上查找并尝试了几个解决方案，但都没有成功。我相信我的声卡被内核检测到，但它没有被使用。
lspci -v | grep -A7 -i "audio"
00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation 82801FB/FBM/FR/FW/FRW (ICH6 Family) High Definition Audio Controller (rev 03)
Subsystem: AOPEN Inc. Device 0501
Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 44
Memory at d8200000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16K]
Capabilities: <access denied>
Kernel driver in use: snd_hda_intel
00:1c.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 82801FB/FBM/FR/FW/FRW (ICH6 Family) PCI Express Port 1 (rev 03) (prog-if 00 [Normal decode])
以下是我尝试过的解决办法：
解决方案 #1：无效
sudo gedit /etc/default/speech-dispatcher
将 RUN=yes 更改为 RUN=no
重新启动
解决方案 #2：无效
sudo alsa force-reload
重启
解决方案 #3：无效
sudo apt-get remove --purge alsa-base pulseaudio
sudo apt-get install alsa-base pulseaudio
sudo alsa force-reload
重启
解决方案 #5：不起作用，我的网卡和鼠标停止工作
sudo apt-get install linux-image-3.8.0-19-generic
重启
解决方案#6：似乎有效
我上次运行 12.04 时安装了 3.2.0-51 版本的内核，那时声音是可以正常工作的，因此我重新启动并使用 grub 选择了这个版本，现在我的声音可以正常工作，并且 NIC 和鼠标仍然正常工作。
附加信息：我的声卡是板载声卡，所以主板是Aopen i915Pa-E R1.00。
pulseaudio --check
不返回任何内容
pulseaudio --dump-conf
### Read from configuration file: /etc/pulse/daemon.conf ###
daemonize = no
fail = yes
high-priority = yes
nice-level = -11
realtime-scheduling = yes
realtime-priority = 5
allow-module-loading = yes
allow-exit = yes
use-pid-file = yes
system-instance = no
local-server-type = user
cpu-limit = no
enable-shm = yes
flat-volumes = no
lock-memory = no
exit-idle-time = 20
scache-idle-time = 20
dl-search-path = /usr/lib/pulse-3.0/modules
default-script-file = /etc/pulse/default.pa
load-default-script-file = yes
log-target = auto
log-level = notice
resample-method = speex-float-1
enable-remixing = yes
enable-lfe-remixing = no
default-sample-format = s16le
default-sample-rate = 44100
alternate-sample-rate = 48000
default-sample-channels = 2
default-channel-map = front-left,front-right
default-fragments = 8
default-fragment-size-msec = 10
enable-deferred-volume = yes
deferred-volume-safety-margin-usec = 1
deferred-volume-extra-delay-usec = 0
shm-size-bytes = 0
log-meta = no
log-time = no
log-backtrace = 0
rlimit-fsize = -1
rlimit-data = -1
rlimit-stack = -1
rlimit-core = -1
rlimit-rss = -1
rlimit-as = -1
rlimit-nproc = -1
rlimit-nofile = 256
rlimit-memlock = -1
rlimit-locks = -1
rlimit-sigpending = -1
rlimit-msgqueue = -1
rlimit-nice = 31
rlimit-rtprio = 9
rlimit-rttime = 1000000
amixer -c 0
Simple mixer control 'PCM',0
Capabilities: pvolume penum
Playback channels: Front Left - Front Right
Limits: Playback 0 - 255
Mono:
Front Left: Playback 223 [87%] [-6.40dB]
Front Right: Playback 223 [87%] [-6.40dB]
Simple mixer control 'Beep',0
Capabilities: pvolume pswitch penum
Playback channels: Front Left - Front Right
Limits: Playback 0 - 65
Mono:
Front Left: Playback 59 [91%] [24.00dB] [off]
Front Right: Playback 59 [91%] [24.00dB] [off]
pacmd dump-volumes
Welcome to PulseAudio! Use "help" for usage information.
Sink 0: reference = 0: 100% 1: 100%, real = 0: 100% 1: 100%, soft = 0: 100% 1: 100%, current_hw = 0: 100% 1: 100%, save = no
Source 0: reference = 0: 100% 1: 100%, real = 0: 100% 1: 100%, soft = 0: 100% 1: 100%, current_hw = 0: 100% 1: 100%, save = no