这不是重复的，没有提供任何解决方案这里可以解决我的问题。基本上，发生的事情是：
***@***:~$ sudo aptitude install pulseaudio
[sudo] password for *** :
The following NEW packages will be installed:
gstreamer0.10-pulseaudio{a} libfftw3-single3{a} libgomp1{ab} libpulsedsp{a} pulseaudio pulseaudio-module-x11{a} pulseaudio-utils{a} rtkit{a}
0 packages upgraded, 8 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 1.673 kB of archives. After unpacking 6.842 kB will be used.
The following packages have unmet dependencies:
libgomp1 : Depends: gcc-4.8-base (= 4.8.2-19ubuntu1) but 4.8.4-2ubuntu1~14.04 is installed.
open: 25; closed: 247; defer: 17; conflict: 27
.The following actions will resolve these dependencies:
Keep the following packages at their current version:
1) libfftw3-single3 [Not Installed]
2) libgomp1 [Not Installed]
3) pulseaudio [Not Installed]
4) pulseaudio-module-x11 [Not Installed]
Accept this solution? [Y/n/q/?] n
The following actions will resolve these dependencies:
Remove the following packages:
1) gcc-4.8-base:i386
2) libdbusmenu-qt2:i386
3) libgl1-mesa-dri-lts-vivid:i386
4) libgl1-mesa-glx-lts-vivid:i386
5) libjack-jackd2-0:i386
6) libllvm3.6:i386
7) libqt4-dbus:i386
8) libqt4-declarative:i386
9) libqt4-network:i386
10) libqt4-opengl:i386
11) libqt4-script:i386
'12) libqt4-sql:i386
13) libqt4-sql-mysql:i386
14) libqt4-xml:i386
15) libqt4-xmlpatterns:i386
16) libqtcore4:i386
17) libqtdbus4:i386
18) libqtgui4:i386
19) libqtwebkit4:i386
20) libstdc++6:i386
21) libtxc-dxtn-s2tc0:i386
22) skype
23) skype-bin:i386
24) sni-qt:i386
Downgrade the following packages:
25) cpp-4.8 [4.8.4-2ubuntu1~14.04 (now) -> 4.8.2-19ubuntu1 (trusty)]
26) gcc-4.8-base [4.8.4-2ubuntu1~14.04 (now) -> 4.8.2-19ubuntu1 (trusty)]
27) libquadmath0 [4.8.4-2ubuntu1~14.04 (now) -> 4.8.2-19ubuntu1 (trusty)]
28) libstdc++6 [4.8.4-2ubuntu1~14.04 (now) -> 4.8.2-19ubuntu1 (trusty)]
Leave the following dependencies unresolved:
29) skype-bin:i386 recommends sni-qt:i386
30) libgl1-mesa-dri-lts-vivid:i386 recommends libtxc-dxtn-s2tc0:i386 | libtxc-dxtn0:i386
Accept this solution? [Y/n/q/?]
我知道第二种解决方案会把一切都搞乱，而且我不知道如何解决这个问题。
如果我的问题违反或不满足某些标准，请见谅。如果需要，我很乐意对其进行编辑。
编辑：我刚刚注意到这个错误
libgomp1 : Depends: gcc-4.8-base (= 4.8.2-19ubuntu1) but 4.8.4-2ubuntu1~14.04 is installed
导致无法安装其他任何东西。我刚刚尝试安装 texlive-full 和 kile，但出现错误。
答案1
通过阅读评论，可以看出，得益于古纳尔·哈尔马松我可以通过简单地去解决我的问题软件与更新并选择“主服务器”而不是使用我的本地镜像“locaweb”（来自巴西）。
谢谢，Gunnar！