安装 Ubundu 后，我可能错误地卸载了 Windows 启动分区，现在当我尝试重新启动时，它找不到任何可启动分区，并且 Windows 8.1 似乎是从 gEFI 模式到 CMS 模式，Ubuntu 启动正常，但似乎我的 Windows 启动扇区已损坏或我强制 Ubuntu 以 UEFI 模式安装，现在 Windows 似乎丢失了。
在网上查了一下，我发现我需要创建 FAT 可启动分区，作为 Linux 新手，如果有人能给我一步一步的指导来解决这个问题，我将不胜感激。我也从启动修复建议中复制了这段文字。
感谢您的帮助。
Boot Info Script cfd9efe + Boot-Repair extra info [Boot-Info 26Apr2016]
============================= Boot Info Summary: ===============================
=> Grub2 (v2.00) is installed in the MBR of /dev/sda and looks at sector 1 of
the same hard drive for core.img. core.img is at this location and looks
for (,msdos1)/grub. It also embeds following components:
modules
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
fshelp ext2 part_msdos biosdisk
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
=> Syslinux MBR (5.00 and higher) is installed in the MBR of /dev/sdb.
sda1: __________________________________________________________________________
File system: ext2
Boot sector type: -
Boot sector info:
Operating System:
Boot files: /grub/grub.cfg /grub/i386-pc/core.img
sda2: __________________________________________________________________________
File system: Extended Partition
Boot sector type: Unknown
Boot sector info:
sda5: __________________________________________________________________________
File system: LVM2_member
Boot sector type: -
Boot sector info:
sdb1: __________________________________________________________________________
File system: vfat
Boot sector type: SYSLINUX 6.03
Boot sector info: Syslinux looks at sector 32800 of /dev/sdb1 for its
second stage. The integrity check of Syslinux failed.
No errors found in the Boot Parameter Block.
Operating System:
Boot files: /boot/grub/grub.cfg /syslinux.cfg /casper/vmlinuz.efi
/EFI/BOOT/grubx64.efi /ldlinux.sys
ubuntu-vg-root: ________________________________________________________________
File system: ext4
Boot sector type: -
Boot sector info:
Operating System: Ubuntu 16.04.1 LTS
Boot files: /etc/fstab
ubuntu-vg-swap_1: ______________________________________________________________
File system: swap
Boot sector type: -
Boot sector info:
============================ Drive/Partition Info: =============================
Drive: sda _____________________________________________________________________
Disk /dev/sda: 465.8 GiB, 500107862016 bytes, 976773168 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Partition Boot Start Sector End Sector # of Sectors Id System
/dev/sda1 * 2,048 999,423 997,376 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 1,001,470 976,771,071 975,769,602 5 Extended
/dev/sda5 1,001,472 976,771,071 975,769,600 8e Linux LVM
Drive: sdb _____________________________________________________________________
Disk /dev/sdb: 29.9 GiB, 32094814208 bytes, 62685184 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Partition Boot Start Sector End Sector # of Sectors Id System
/dev/sdb1 * 2,048 62,685,183 62,683,136 c W95 FAT32 (LBA)
"blkid" output: ________________________________________________________________
Device UUID TYPE LABEL
/dev/loop0 squashfs
/dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-root 7fd7ad13-019a-4542-81d0-e212800a230d ext4
/dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-swap_1 f991bcb4-8364-405b-b734-26f8de898b5b swap
/dev/sda1 d7a48cac-6e76-44cb-8135-7a49337f4a74 ext2
/dev/sda5 q3T2lz-jkdR-cSfI-KvST-MeYP-3Pq2-XNvj9r LVM2_member
/dev/sdb1 0C58-8CDC vfat UBUNTU 16_0
========================= "ls -l /dev/disk/by-id" output: ======================
total 0
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Aug 3 03:55 ata-TOSHIBA_MQ01ABD050_33J5SNQDS -> ../../sda
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Aug 3 03:55 ata-TOSHIBA_MQ01ABD050_33J5SNQDS-part1 -> ../../sda1
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Aug 3 03:55 ata-TOSHIBA_MQ01ABD050_33J5SNQDS-part2 -> ../../sda2
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Aug 3 03:55 ata-TOSHIBA_MQ01ABD050_33J5SNQDS-part5 -> ../../sda5
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Aug 3 03:33 ata-TSSTcorp_CDDVDW_SU-208FB_S11S6YGF801DV1 -> ../../sr0
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Aug 3 03:55 dm-name-ubuntu--vg-root -> ../../dm-0
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Aug 3 03:55 dm-name-ubuntu--vg-swap_1 -> ../../dm-1
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Aug 3 03:55 dm-uuid-LVM-lvJsyh8lP2dY7Tx8om0ht2YUF1U5r7StCR0gSrBdDuUwXss7Y9HXU1m40CLXrLIf -> ../../dm-1
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Aug 3 03:55 dm-uuid-LVM-lvJsyh8lP2dY7Tx8om0ht2YUF1U5r7StWaqw7RhdMPYvx5lUe7eJDOgk5PRHwRGR -> ../../dm-0
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Aug 3 03:55 lvm-pv-uuid-q3T2lz-jkdR-cSfI-KvST-MeYP-3Pq2-XNvj9r -> ../../sda5
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Aug 3 03:55 usb-__070A64A4DDAF3E22-0:0 -> ../../sdb
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Aug 3 03:55 usb-__070A64A4DDAF3E22-0:0-part1 -> ../../sdb1
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Aug 3 03:55 wwn-0x50000394a58036e1 -> ../../sda
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Aug 3 03:55 wwn-0x50000394a58036e1-part1 -> ../../sda1
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Aug 3 03:55 wwn-0x50000394a58036e1-part2 -> ../../sda2
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Aug 3 03:55 wwn-0x50000394a58036e1-part5 -> ../../sda5
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
=================== sda1: Location of files loaded by Grub: ====================
GiB - GB File Fragment(s)
0.174905777 = 0.187803648 grub/grub.cfg 7
0.174742699 = 0.187628544 grub/i386-pc/core.img 2
0.066134453 = 0.071011328 vmlinuz-4.4.0-31-generic 10
0.086462021 = 0.092837888 initrd.img-4.4.0-31-generic 15
=========================== sdb1/boot/grub/grub.cfg: ===========================
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
if loadfont /boot/grub/font.pf2 ; then
set gfxmode=auto
insmod efi_gop
insmod efi_uga
insmod gfxterm
terminal_output gfxterm
fi
set menu_color_normal=white/black
set menu_color_highlight=black/light-gray
menuentry "Try Ubuntu without installing" {
set gfxpayload=keep
linux /casper/vmlinuz.efi file=/cdrom/preseed/ubuntu.seed boot=casper quiet splash ---
initrd /casper/initrd.lz
}
menuentry "Install Ubuntu" {
set gfxpayload=keep
linux /casper/vmlinuz.efi file=/cdrom/preseed/ubuntu.seed boot=casper only-ubiquity quiet splash ---
initrd /casper/initrd.lz
}
menuentry "OEM install (for manufacturers)" {
set gfxpayload=keep
linux /casper/vmlinuz.efi file=/cdrom/preseed/ubuntu.seed boot=casper only-ubiquity quiet splash oem-config/enable=true ---
initrd /casper/initrd.lz
}
menuentry "Check disc for defects" {
set gfxpayload=keep
linux /casper/vmlinuz.efi boot=casper integrity-check quiet splash ---
initrd /casper/initrd.lz
}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
============================== sdb1/syslinux.cfg: ==============================
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DEFAULT loadconfig
LABEL loadconfig
CONFIG /isolinux/isolinux.cfg
APPEND /isolinux/
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
=================== sdb1: Location of files loaded by Grub: ====================
GiB - GB File Fragment(s)
?? = ?? boot/grub/grub.cfg 1
================= sdb1: Location of files loaded by Syslinux: ==================
GiB - GB File Fragment(s)
?? = ?? syslinux.cfg 1
?? = ?? ldlinux.sys 1
========================== ubuntu-vg-root/etc/fstab: ===========================
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# /etc/fstab: static file system information.
#
# Use 'blkid' to print the universally unique identifier for a
# device; this may be used with UUID= as a more robust way to name devices
# that works even if disks are added and removed. See fstab(5).
#
# <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>
/dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-root / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1
# /boot was on /dev/sda1 during installation
#UUID=d7a48cac-6e76-44cb-8135-7a49337f4a74 /boot ext2 defaults 0 2
/dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-swap_1 none swap sw 0 0
#UUID=d7a48cac-6e76-44cb-8135-7a49337f4a74 /boot ext2 defaults 0 2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
======================== Unknown MBRs/Boot Sectors/etc: ========================
Unknown BootLoader on sda2
=============================== StdErr Messages: ===============================
hexdump: /dev/sda2: No such device or address
hexdump: /dev/sda2: No such device or address
File descriptor 9 (/proc/13133/mounts) leaked on lvs invocation. Parent PID 21048: bash
File descriptor 63 (pipe:[88122]) leaked on lvs invocation. Parent PID 21048: bash
File descriptor 9 (/proc/13133/mounts) leaked on lvchange invocation. Parent PID 21916: bash
File descriptor 63 (pipe:[88122]) leaked on lvchange invocation. Parent PID 21916: bash
File descriptor 9 (/proc/13133/mounts) leaked on lvchange invocation. Parent PID 21916: bash
File descriptor 63 (pipe:[88122]) leaked on lvchange invocation. Parent PID 21916: bash
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sda1 * 2048 999423 997376 487M 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 1001470 976771071 975769602 465.3G 5 Extended
/dev/sda5 1001472 976771071 975769600 465.3G 8e Linux LVM
Disk /dev/sdb: 29.9 GiB, 32094814208 bytes, 62685184 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x04b28371
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1 * 2048 62685183 62683136 29.9G c W95 FAT32 (LBA)
Disk /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-root: 461.4 GiB, 495414411264 bytes, 967606272 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-swap_1: 3.9 GiB, 4177526784 bytes, 8159232 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Gtk-Message: GtkDialog mapped without a transient parent. This is discouraged.
/boot detected. Please check the options.
=================== Suggested repair
The default repair of the Boot-Repair utility would purge (in order to enable-raid enable-lvm) and reinstall the grub2 of mapper/ubuntu--vg-root into the MBR of sda, using the following options: sda1/boot,
Additional repair would be performed: unhide-bootmenu-10s
=================== Advice in case of suggested repair
The boot of your PC is in EFI mode, but no EFI partition was detected. You may want to retry after creating a EFI partition (FAT32, 100MB~250MB, start of the disk, boot flag).
Do you want to continue?
=================== User settings
The settings chosen by the user will not act on the boot.
答案1
启动信息未找到 Windows 分区，不存在的分区无法启动。如果您需要 Windows，则必须重新安装它。如今，笔记本电脑制造商提供自己的 Windows 重新安装介质，但您也可以直接从 Microsoft 获取它们，正如我所描述的那样这里。如果您接受了微软免费升级 Windows 10 的提议，情况会更好。但显然您没有这样做（媒体过度炒作？），现在您只能使用一款死产品。
启动信息发现 dos/MBR 分区布局、扩展分区中 Ubuntu 的 LVM 安装、无 EFI 系统分区，并且显示您的引导加载程序加载 /grub/i386-pc/core.img。如果启动成功，则说明您没有启动 UEFI。
从我的角度来看，重新安装几乎是不可避免的，因此这里有一些让您的生活更轻松的提示：
- 如果您的计算机支持 UEFI，并且您想以此方式启动操作系统，请务必禁用传统启动。您还可以创建仅通过 UEFI 启动的安装媒体。（我的个人资料中有一个答案向您展示了如何操作。）
- 避免复杂的设置，没有扩展分区（只需将分区表从 dos/MBR 更改为 GPT）并且没有 LVM，除非您想学习如何管理 LVM（我不想）。
我认为，类似用户混淆启动模式并意外删除 Windows 的问题之前已经得到过几次解答了。