我尝试使用以下命令将 Python 包装器安装到 Vulkan（如本指南中所述）网站)：
pip install vulkan
但是安装失败。出现以下错误。
我必须做什么才能成功安装？
我的系统安装了 Ubuntu 16.04 LTS、4.8.0-44-generic、gcc、gcc-5、libgcc-5-dev:amd64。
$ pip install vulkan
Collecting vulkan
Using cached vulkan-1.3.0.tar.gz
Complete output from command python setup.py egg_info:
c/_cffi_backend.c:2:20: fatal error: Python.h: No such file or directory
compilation terminated.
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/lib/python3.5/distutils/unixccompiler.py", line 118, in _compile
extra_postargs)
File "/usr/lib/python3.5/distutils/ccompiler.py", line 909, in spawn
spawn(cmd, dry_run=self.dry_run)
File "/usr/lib/python3.5/distutils/spawn.py", line 36, in spawn
_spawn_posix(cmd, search_path, dry_run=dry_run)
File "/usr/lib/python3.5/distutils/spawn.py", line 159, in _spawn_posix
% (cmd, exit_status))
distutils.errors.DistutilsExecError: command 'x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc' failed with exit status 1
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/lib/python3.5/distutils/core.py", line 148, in setup
dist.run_commands()
File "/usr/lib/python3.5/distutils/dist.py", line 955, in run_commands
self.run_command(cmd)
File "/usr/lib/python3.5/distutils/dist.py", line 974, in run_command
cmd_obj.run()
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/setuptools/command/bdist_egg.py", line 161, in run
cmd = self.call_command('install_lib', warn_dir=0)
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/setuptools/command/bdist_egg.py", line 147, in call_command
self.run_command(cmdname)
File "/usr/lib/python3.5/distutils/cmd.py", line 313, in run_command
self.distribution.run_command(command)
File "/usr/lib/python3.5/distutils/dist.py", line 974, in run_command
cmd_obj.run()
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/setuptools/command/install_lib.py", line 23, in run
self.build()
File "/usr/lib/python3.5/distutils/command/install_lib.py", line 109, in build
self.run_command('build_ext')
File "/usr/lib/python3.5/distutils/cmd.py", line 313, in run_command
self.distribution.run_command(command)
File "/usr/lib/python3.5/distutils/dist.py", line 974, in run_command
cmd_obj.run()
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/setuptools/command/build_ext.py", line 49, in run
_build_ext.run(self)
File "/usr/lib/python3.5/distutils/command/build_ext.py", line 338, in run
self.build_extensions()
File "/usr/lib/python3.5/distutils/command/build_ext.py", line 447, in build_extensions
self._build_extensions_serial()
File "/usr/lib/python3.5/distutils/command/build_ext.py", line 472, in _build_extensions_serial
self.build_extension(ext)
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/setuptools/command/build_ext.py", line 174, in build_extension
_build_ext.build_extension(self, ext)
File "/usr/lib/python3.5/distutils/command/build_ext.py", line 532, in build_extension
depends=ext.depends)
File "/usr/lib/python3.5/distutils/ccompiler.py", line 574, in compile
self._compile(obj, src, ext, cc_args, extra_postargs, pp_opts)
File "/usr/lib/python3.5/distutils/unixccompiler.py", line 120, in _compile
raise CompileError(msg)
distutils.errors.CompileError: command 'x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc' failed with exit status 1
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/setuptools/sandbox.py", line 154, in save_modules
yield saved
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/setuptools/sandbox.py", line 195, in setup_context
yield
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/setuptools/sandbox.py", line 243, in run_setup
DirectorySandbox(setup_dir).run(runner)
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/setuptools/sandbox.py", line 273, in run
return func()
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/setuptools/sandbox.py", line 242, in runner
_execfile(setup_script, ns)
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/setuptools/sandbox.py", line 46, in _execfile
exec(code, globals, locals)
File "/tmp/easy_install-yozcy3gj/cffi-1.10.0/setup.py", line 232, in <module>
File "/usr/lib/python3.5/distutils/core.py", line 163, in setup
raise SystemExit("error: " + str(msg))
SystemExit: error: command 'x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc' failed with exit status 1
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/setuptools/command/easy_install.py", line 1087, in run_setup
run_setup(setup_script, args)
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/setuptools/sandbox.py", line 246, in run_setup
raise
File "/usr/lib/python3.5/contextlib.py", line 77, in __exit__
self.gen.throw(type, value, traceback)
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/setuptools/sandbox.py", line 195, in setup_context
yield
File "/usr/lib/python3.5/contextlib.py", line 77, in __exit__
self.gen.throw(type, value, traceback)
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/setuptools/sandbox.py", line 166, in save_modules
saved_exc.resume()
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/setuptools/sandbox.py", line 141, in resume
six.reraise(type, exc, self._tb)
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/six.py", line 685, in reraise
raise value.with_traceback(tb)
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/setuptools/sandbox.py", line 154, in save_modules
yield saved
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/setuptools/sandbox.py", line 195, in setup_context
yield
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/setuptools/sandbox.py", line 243, in run_setup
DirectorySandbox(setup_dir).run(runner)
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/setuptools/sandbox.py", line 273, in run
return func()
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/setuptools/sandbox.py", line 242, in runner
_execfile(setup_script, ns)
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/setuptools/sandbox.py", line 46, in _execfile
exec(code, globals, locals)
File "/tmp/easy_install-yozcy3gj/cffi-1.10.0/setup.py", line 232, in <module>
File "/usr/lib/python3.5/distutils/core.py", line 163, in setup
raise SystemExit("error: " + str(msg))
SystemExit: error: command 'x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc' failed with exit status 1
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<string>", line 1, in <module>
File "/tmp/pip-build-n5qfo287/vulkan/setup.py", line 28, in <module>
cffi_modules=["_cffi_build/vulkan_build.py:ffi"]
File "/usr/lib/python3.5/distutils/core.py", line 108, in setup
_setup_distribution = dist = klass(attrs)
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/setuptools/dist.py", line 269, in __init__
self.fetch_build_eggs(attrs['setup_requires'])
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/setuptools/dist.py", line 313, in fetch_build_eggs
replace_conflicting=True,
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pkg_resources/__init__.py", line 826, in resolve
dist = best[req.key] = env.best_match(req, ws, installer)
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pkg_resources/__init__.py", line 1092, in best_match
return self.obtain(req, installer)
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pkg_resources/__init__.py", line 1104, in obtain
return installer(requirement)
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/setuptools/dist.py", line 380, in fetch_build_egg
return cmd.easy_install(req)
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/setuptools/command/easy_install.py", line 663, in easy_install
return self.install_item(spec, dist.location, tmpdir, deps)
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/setuptools/command/easy_install.py", line 693, in install_item
dists = self.install_eggs(spec, download, tmpdir)
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/setuptools/command/easy_install.py", line 873, in install_eggs
return self.build_and_install(setup_script, setup_base)
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/setuptools/command/easy_install.py", line 1101, in build_and_install
self.run_setup(setup_script, setup_base, args)
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/setuptools/command/easy_install.py", line 1089, in run_setup
raise DistutilsError("Setup script exited with %s" % (v.args[0],))
distutils.errors.DistutilsError: Setup script exited with error: command 'x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc' failed with exit status 1
----------------------------------------
Command "python setup.py egg_info" failed with error code 1 in /tmp/pip-build-n5qfo287/vulkan/
更新：pip 安装命令
我使用以下命令安装了 pip 和 pip3：
wget -v https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py -O get-pip.py
sudo python get-pip.py
pip install -U pip
我使用这些命令检查了我的安装
python3 -c "import pip; print(pip.__version__)"
python2 -c "import pip; print(pip.__version__)"
答案1
为了解决上述错误，我首先安装了这些包
sudo apt-get install python3.5-dev libpython3.5
当我运行 pip install vulkan 时，出现另一个错误：
error: could not create '/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/pycparser': Permission denied
安装失败，因为它需要访问权限才能写入根级目录。普通用户权限无法实现这一点。
我试过了sudo pip install vulkan，但被告知sudo: pip3: command not found
我读了其他网站，他们解释说，为 sudo 安装 pip 不是一个好习惯，因为它会破坏软件包安装管理系统。但是，看到上面的错误消息，我想我别无选择，是否要安装 vulkan。然后我继续使用以下命令为 sudo 安装 python3-pip：
sudo apt-get install python3-pip
The following NEW packages will be installed:
libpython3-dev python-pip-whl python3-dev python3-pip python3-wheel
我跑了起来sudo pip3 install vulkan，终于得到了：
Running setup.py install for pycparser ... done
Running setup.py install for vulkan ... done
Successfully installed cffi-1.10.0 pycparser-2.17 vulkan-1.3.0
为了验证，我运行了以下命令并得到了确认：
$ pip list --format=legacy | grep vulkan
vulkan (1.3.0)
$ pip3 list --format=legacy | grep vulkan
vulkan (1.3.0)
笔记：
我发现
sudo find $HOME -name 'pip' -print它非常有用。它列出了用户目录中 pip 的所有位置。基本上，pip install -U pip我的问题中提到的命令将 pip 安装在~/.local/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip ~/.local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/pip ~/.local/bin/pip- 这就是我不清楚的地方（我希望得到帮助）。为什么
pip install vulkan写入/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/而不是~/.local/lib/python3.5/site-packages/？我曾认为，如果我（用户）激活了 pip，pip 安装应该局限于我的主目录，而不必写入根级目录。