我的硬盘上有 Windows 8，我在 U 盘上安装了 Kali（不是实时的）。安装后，我无法启动 Windows，我卸载了 Kali，但 grub 仍然是我的引导加载程序，它没有检测到 Windows 8。我已经尝试过启动修复，但仍然无法解决问题，他们给了我这个链接http://paste.ubuntu.com/9582142/其中有我电脑的启动信息。请帮帮我，我是新手，已经挣扎好几天了
答案1
sda 显然是您的硬盘？看起来它几乎全部格式化为 ext4（linux），使用 Kali GNU/Linux 1.0.9，外加一个小型 linux 交换分区。而 sdb 是一个 8GB（可能是 usb）驱动器，上面有 Ubuntu（syslinux）？
您是否还有另一台装有 Windows 的硬盘？或者，如果 sda 是您唯一的硬盘，Windows 永远不会安装到 ext4 文件系统，似乎如果 Windows 曾经在 sda 上，现在它已经消失了。
你有可能恢复一些以前在硬盘上的文件，用类似testdisk或的工具photorec工具，甚至可能恢复一些分区，但我猜 Kali 覆盖了 Windows 的很大一部分。 - 除非在驱动器的开始处有一个 windows 恢复分区，并且只有它被 Kali 覆盖，否则“真正的”windows 分区可能大部分仍在那里。
相关粘贴信息：
sda1：______________________________________________________________________
File system: ext4
Boot sector type: -
Boot sector info:
Operating System: Kali GNU/Linux 1.0.9
Boot files: /boot/grub/grub.cfg /etc/fstab
/boot/extlinux/extlinux.conf /boot/grub/core.img
sdb1：______________________________________________________________________
File system: vfat
Boot sector type: SYSLINUX 6.03 20140721... :..(:,:0:4:8:....D:H:L:C.T:C.\:`:d:C.l:p:t:x:|:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.............
Boot sector info: Syslinux looks at sector 1325354 of /dev/sdb1 for its
second stage. SYSLINUX is installed in the directory.
No errors found in the Boot Parameter Block.
Operating System:
Boot files: /boot/grub/grub.cfg /syslinux.cfg /casper/vmlinuz.efi
/EFI/BOOT/grubx64.efi /ldlinux.sys
Disk /dev/sda: 320.1 GB, 320072933376 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 38913 cylinders, total 625142448 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
Partition Boot Start Sector End Sector # of Sectors Id System
/dev/sda1 * 2,048 609,277,951 609,275,904 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 609,279,998 625,141,759 15,861,762 5 Extended
/dev/sda5 609,280,000 625,141,759 15,861,760 82 Linux swap / Solaris
Model: ATA WDC WD3200BPVT-2 (scsi)
Disk /dev/sda: 320GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/4096B
Partition Table: msdos
Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
1 1049kB 312GB 312GB primary ext4 boot
2 312GB 320GB 8121MB extended
5 312GB 320GB 8121MB logical linux-swap(v1)
Model: Sony Storage Media (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdb: 7774MB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
1 32.8kB 2988MB 2988MB primary fat32 boot
2 2988MB 3053MB 64.9MB primary fat16
3 3053MB 7773MB 4720MB primary fat32
答案2
对于 Windows 启动，请按照以下顺序进行：BIOS -> MBR（硬盘上的主引导记录）-> 分区引导记录 -> BCD -> OS
GRUB 通常安装在 MBR 中，或者在分区引导中，因此您需要恢复 MBR 和分区引导记录才能消除 GRUB 并恢复 Windows 引导。
尝试以下步骤来恢复（https://neosmart.net/wiki/fix-mbr/#Fix_the_MBR_in_Windows_8_or_81）
如果你已经尝试过“bootrec /FixBoot”，请确保你执行了“bootrec /FixMbr”
Boot from the original installation DVD (or the recovery USB)
At the Welcome screen, click Repair your computer
Windows 8 Repair Your Computer Menu
Choose Troubleshoot
Choose Command Prompt
When the Command Prompt loads, type the following commands:
bootrec /FixMbr
bootrec /FixBoot
bootrec /ScanOs
bootrec /RebuildBcd
Press Enter after each command and wait for each operation to finish
Remove the DVD from the disk tray
Type exit
Hit Enter
Restart your computer and check if Windows 8/8.1 can now boot
If bootrec utility doesn’t fix your Windows 8/8.1, try following the next commands to fix the EFI bootloader of the Windows 8/8.1:
Boot from the installation DVD or the Windows 8 or Windows 8.1 recovery USB
Click Repair your computer
Choose Troubleshoot
Choose Command Prompt
Type these commands in order and hit Enter after each:
diskpart
sel disk 0
list vol
These commands will select the first disk of your computer and the list all the partitions available on that disk.
Check for the volume item that has the Fs column FAT32. The EFI partition must be formatted under FAT32.
If the volume number of EFI partition is “2”, type the following command:
sel vol 2
If the volume number is different than 2, replace “2” with the number available on your computer.
Assign a letter to this partition, a letter that is different that those already available on your computer, for example x:\. Type this command to assign the letter:
assign letter=x:
Wait for the success message to appear:
DiskPart successfully assigned the drive letter or mount point.
Type exit to quit the DiskPart utility:
exit
Type this command and replace x:\ with the letter you assigned earlier to the EFI partition:
cd /d x:\EFI\Microsoft\Boot\
Then type the bootrec command to repair the volume:
bootrec /fixboot
Now you need to backup the old BCD and recreate a new one. Type:
ren BCD BCD.backup
Type this command to recreate the BCD and replace the x:\ with the assigned letter earlier:
bcdboot c:\Windows /l en-us /s x: /f ALL
In above command, Windows is installed on c:\. If the drive letter where your Windows 8/8.1 is installed is different, replace c:\ with your drive letter.
Remove the DVD from the disk tray
Type exit
Restart your computer
“bootrec /FixMbr”和“bootrec /FixBoot”确实用 Windows 启动记录取代了 GRUB，并且足以用于 Win7 及更早版本，但我对 EFI 没有太多经验。
更新。
我查看了您的 botinfo。看起来 HDD（sda）上没有 windows 分区、ntfs 或 FAT32。您在 hdd 上安装了 Kali 并将其格式化。