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条形图给出最小值和最大值

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条形图给出最小值和最大值

我想创建一个看起来像图片中的条形图。 图表

对于每个x值，我都有表示每个条形应具有的高度的最小值和最大值。但我的问题是：如何根据最大值和最小值创建条形，因为在手册中，我只找到了如何根据坐标创建条形，如以下代码所示。

\begin{tikzpicture}
  \begin{axis}[
    x tick label style={
      /pgf/number format/1000 sep=},
      ylabel=Population,
      enlargelimits=0.05,
      legend style={at={(0.5,-0.15)},
      anchor=north,legend columns=-1},
    ybar interval=0.7,
  ]
  \addplot
    coordinates {(1930,50e6) (1940,33e6)
    (1950,40e6) (1960,50e6) (1970,70e6)};

  \addplot
    coordinates {(1930,38e6) (1940,42e6)
    (1950,43e6) (1960,45e6) (1970,65e6)};

  \addplot
    coordinates {(1930,15e6) (1940,12e6)
    (1950,13e6) (1960,25e6) (1970,35e6)};

  \legend{Far,Near,Here}
  \end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}

答案1

我认为您也可以使用 TikZ。这是一个可能的解决方案，允许自定义轴（x和y）、条形（纵横比和宽度）并插入标签（在x和y轴上）。

现在展示一个例子，并提供一些命令的解释。

完整的示例通过使用不同的选项两次显示相同的图形：

\documentclass[svgnames]{article} % the option is required for xcolor already called by tikz

\usepackage{xstring}
% Retreive an element from a list - Jake's code from
% http://tex.stackexchange.com/a/21560/13304
\newcommand*{\GetListMember}[2]{%
    \edef\dotheloop{%
    \noexpand\foreach \noexpand\a [count=\noexpand\i] in {#1} {%
        \noexpand\IfEq{\noexpand\i}{#2}{\noexpand\a\noexpand\breakforeach}{}%
    }}%
    \dotheloop
    \par%
}%

\usepackage{tikz}  
\usetikzlibrary{calc,backgrounds}
\pgfdeclarelayer{gridlayer}
\pgfdeclarelayer{barlayer}
\pgfsetlayers{background,gridlayer,barlayer,main}

% Declarations
\pgfmathtruncatemacro\scaley{1}
\pgfmathtruncatemacro\scalex{1}
\pgfmathtruncatemacro\minycoord{-5}
\pgfmathtruncatemacro\step{1}
\pgfmathtruncatemacro\maxycoord{5}
\pgfmathtruncatemacro\minxcoord{-5}
\pgfmathtruncatemacro\maxxcoord{5}
\pgfmathsetmacro\barwidth{0.3}

\usepackage{xparse}

% Settings
\newcommand{\setyscale}[1]{\pgfmathtruncatemacro\scaley{#1}}
\newcommand{\setxscale}[1]{\pgfmathtruncatemacro\scalex{#1}}
\newcommand{\setminycoord}[1]{\pgfmathtruncatemacro\minycoord{#1/\scaley}}
\newcommand{\setmaxycoord}[1]{\pgfmathtruncatemacro\maxycoord{#1/\scaley}}
\newcommand{\setmaxxcoord}[1]{\pgfmathtruncatemacro\maxxcoord{#1/\scalex}}
\newcommand{\setminxcoord}[1]{\pgfmathtruncatemacro\minxcoord{#1/\scalex}}
\NewDocumentCommand{\setbarwidth}{m}{\pgfmathsetmacro\barwidth{#1}}

% Specific commands
\NewDocumentCommand{\drawbar}{o m m m o}{
\begin{pgfonlayer}{barlayer}
\draw[#1] ($(#2/\scalex,#3/\scaley)+(-\barwidth,0)$)rectangle($(#2/\scalex,#4/\scaley)+(\barwidth,0)$);
\end{pgfonlayer}
\IfNoValueTF{#5}{}{
\node[below, text width=\step cm,font=\footnotesize,align=flush center] at (#2/\scalex,#3/\scaley) {#5};
}
}

\NewDocumentCommand{\drawaxes}{O{stealth} m m}{
\pgfmathparse{add(\maxycoord,\step)}\pgfmathresult
\pgfmathtruncatemacro\finaly\pgfmathresult
\ifnum\minycoord=0
\draw[-#1,very thick](0,\minycoord)--(0,\finaly) node[left]{#3};
\else
\pgfmathparse{subtract(\minycoord,\step)}\pgfmathresult
\pgfmathtruncatemacro\startingy\pgfmathresult
\draw[#1-#1,very thick](0,\startingy)--(0,\finaly) node[left]{#3};
\fi
\pgfmathparse{add(\maxxcoord,\step)}\pgfmathresult
\pgfmathtruncatemacro\finalx\pgfmathresult
\ifnum\minxcoord=0
\draw[-#1,very thick](\minxcoord,0)--(\finalx,0)  node[below right]{#2};
\else
\pgfmathparse{subtract(\minxcoord,\step)}\pgfmathresult
\pgfmathtruncatemacro\startingx\pgfmathresult
\draw[#1-#1,very thick](\startingx,0)--(\finalx,0)  node[below right]{#2};
\fi
}

\NewDocumentCommand{\setlabelyaxes}{o O{0.1}}{
\pgfmathtruncatemacro\startingy\minycoord
\pgfmathparse{add(\startingy,\step)}\pgfmathresult
\pgfmathtruncatemacro\secondy\pgfmathresult
\pgfmathtruncatemacro\lasty\maxycoord
\IfNoValueTF{#1}{% true
\foreach \y [evaluate=\y as \scaledy using \y*\scaley] in {\startingy,\secondy,...,\lasty}
\pgfmathtruncatemacro\labely\scaledy
\draw[very thick] (#2,\y)--(-#2,\y) node[left] {\labely};
}{% false
\pgfmathparse{abs(subtract(\startingy,\lasty))}\pgfmathresult
\pgfmathsetmacro\dimyaxes\pgfmathresult
\foreach \axisitems [count=\axisitem] in {#1}  {\global\let\totaxisitems\axisitem}
\pgfmathparse{subtract(\totaxisitems,1)}\pgfmathresult
\pgfmathtruncatemacro\numstep\pgfmathresult
\pgfmathparse{divide(\dimyaxes,\numstep)}\pgfmathresult
\pgfmathsetmacro\incrstep\pgfmathresult
\pgfmathparse{add(\startingy,\incrstep)}\pgfmathresult
\pgfmathsetmacro\seconditemy\pgfmathresult

\foreach \y [count=\yi] in {\startingy,\seconditemy,...,\lasty}
\draw[very thick] (#2,\y)--(-#2,\y) node[left]{\GetListMember{#1}{\yi}};
}
}

\NewDocumentCommand{\setlabelxaxes}{O{0.1}}{
% X-axis
\pgfmathtruncatemacro\startingx\minxcoord
\pgfmathparse{add(\startingx,\step)}\pgfmathresult
\pgfmathtruncatemacro\secondx\pgfmathresult
\pgfmathtruncatemacro\lastx\maxxcoord
\foreach \x [evaluate=\x as \scaledx using \x*\scalex] in {\startingx,\secondx,...,\lastx}{
  \pgfmathtruncatemacro\labelx\scaledx
  \pgfmathparse{notequal(\labelx,0)}\pgfmathresult
  \ifnum\pgfmathresult=1
  \draw[very thick] (\x,#1)--(\x,-#1) node[below] {\labelx};
  \fi
}
}

\NewDocumentCommand{\setytickaxes}{O{0.1}}{
% Y-axis
\pgfmathtruncatemacro\startingy\minycoord
\pgfmathparse{add(\startingy,\step)}\pgfmathresult
\pgfmathtruncatemacro\secondy\pgfmathresult
\pgfmathtruncatemacro\lasty\maxycoord
\foreach \y[evaluate=\y as \scaledy using \y*\scaley]  in {\startingy,\secondy,...,\lasty}{
 \pgfmathtruncatemacro\labely\scaledy
  \pgfmathparse{notequal(\labely,0)}\pgfmathresult
  \ifnum\pgfmathresult=1
  \draw[very thick] (#1,\y)--(-#1,\y);
  \fi
}
}

\NewDocumentCommand{\setxtickaxes}{O{0.1}}{
% X-axis
\pgfmathtruncatemacro\startingx\minxcoord
\pgfmathparse{add(\startingx,\step)}\pgfmathresult
\pgfmathtruncatemacro\secondx\pgfmathresult
\pgfmathtruncatemacro\lastx\maxxcoord
\foreach \x [evaluate=\x as \scaledx using \x*\scalex] in {\startingx,\secondx,...,\lastx}{
  \pgfmathtruncatemacro\labelx\scaledx
  \pgfmathparse{notequal(\labelx,0)}\pgfmathresult
  \ifnum\pgfmathresult=1
  \draw[very thick] (\x,#1)--(\x,-#1);
  \fi
}
}

\NewDocumentCommand{\drawgrid}{o}{
\pgfmathparse{add(\maxxcoord,\step)}\pgfmathresult
\pgfmathtruncatemacro\finalx\pgfmathresult
\IfNoValueTF{#1}{
\begin{pgfonlayer}{gridlayer}
\draw[help lines] (\minxcoord,\minycoord)grid(\finalx,\maxycoord);
\end{pgfonlayer}
}{
\begin{pgfonlayer}{gridlayer}
\draw[help lines,#1] (\minxcoord,\minycoord)grid(\finalx,\maxycoord);
\end{pgfonlayer}
}
}

\begin{document}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=0.8,transform shape]
% Customization of elements
\setyscale{200}
\setxscale{200}
\setminycoord{-1000}
\setmaxycoord{1000}
\setminxcoord{0}
\setmaxxcoord{1400}
\setbarwidth{0.4}
% Axes
\drawaxes{$x$}{$y$}
\setlabelyaxes[label one, label two,label three,label four,label five]
% Bars
\drawbar[top color=gray!10, bottom color=gray!70,thick]{200}{-250}{832}[label a]
\drawbar[top color=orange!10, bottom color=orange!70,thick]{400}{-300}{250}[label b]
\drawbar[fill=AliceBlue!40,thick]{600}{-600}{423}[label c]
\drawbar[top color=BlueViolet!5, bottom color=BlueViolet!70,thick]{800}{-450}{1000}
\drawbar[top color=white, bottom color=FireBrick!80,thick]{1000}{-71}{150}[label d]
\drawbar[top color=GreenYellow!10, bottom color=GreenYellow!70,thick]{1200}{-500}{733}[label e]
\drawbar[top color=Aqua!10, bottom color=Aqua!70,thick]{1400}{-361}{124}[label f]
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption{This a very long caption that incidentally could overwrite the y axis, but actually it doesn't}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=0.8,transform shape]
% Customization of elements
\setyscale{200}
\setxscale{100}
\setminycoord{-1000}
\setmaxycoord{1000}
\setminxcoord{0}
\setmaxxcoord{700}
\setbarwidth{0.45}
% Axes
\drawgrid[dashed]
\drawaxes[latex]{my x axis}{my y axis}
\setlabelyaxes
\setxtickaxes
% Bars
\drawbar[top color=gray!10, bottom color=gray!70,thick]{100}{-250}{832}[label a]
\drawbar[top color=orange!10, bottom color=orange!70,thick]{200}{-300}{250}[label b]
\drawbar[fill=AliceBlue!40,thick]{300}{-600}{423}[label c]
\drawbar[top color=BlueViolet!5, bottom color=BlueViolet!70,thick]{400}{-450}{1000}
\drawbar[top color=white, bottom color=FireBrick!80,thick]{500}{-71}{150}[label d]
\drawbar[top color=GreenYellow!10, bottom color=GreenYellow!70,thick]{600}{-500}{733}[label e]
\drawbar[top color=Aqua!10, bottom color=Aqua!70,thick]{700}{-361}{124}[label f]
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption{The caption}
\end{figure}

\end{document}

以 开头的命令\set<element>允许自定义<element>。 网格可以通过命令绘制\drawgrid，可选参数在\drawaxes显示轴时自定义其外观，但只能自定义箭头的样式。drawaxes两个参数是必需的，即表征轴的标签。

现在有一些命令可以设置轴刻度和标签：它们对于x和y轴是不同的；如果只设置刻度，可以使用\setxtickaxes和，\setytickaxes而\setlabelyaxes不仅插入刻度，还可以插入轴标记。如果需要插入自己的标签，可以使用setlabelyaxis[<list of labels>]：此模式根据列表中的元素数量显示轴刻度和标签。两个示例（现在将插入图片）显示了这种差异。轴没有\setlabelyaxis等效项x；这背后的原因是在我看来，在绘制条形图时设置标签要简单得多x。此命令是，它需要位置、和坐标\drawbar作为强制参数来绘制条形图。作为可选参数，可以自定义条形图方面并插入标签。因此，此命令的语法为：xyminymax

\drawbar[<customization>]{<x>}{<ymin>}{<ymax>}[<label>]

以下是两个示例的图表（标题问题已修复）。第一个示例的y轴标签是通过手动插入的，\setlabelyaxes[label one, label two,label three,label four,label five]不 x显示刻度（我个人更喜欢这种方式）。

在此处输入图片描述

[scale=0.8,transform shape]还要注意给环境的选项tikzpicture，以避免图片太大。

在第二个示例中，y轴标签是自动给出的，x刻度显示为网格。

在此处输入图片描述

答案2

您可以使用 PGFPlots 来执行此操作。与纯 TikZ 解决方案相比，它的优点是可以处理大值的数据缩放，从而轻松提供各种不同格式的数据，并允许使用 PGFPlots 的许多便捷功能，例如自动图例、刻度标记、颜色循环列表等。

您只需要拆分列的负数部分和正数部分，然后添加forget plot负数部分：

\documentclass[border=5mm]{standalone}

\usepackage{pgfplots}

\pgfplotstableread{
Year    FarMin  FarMax  NearMin NearMax HereMin HereMax
1930    -20     50      -10     30      -15     40
1940    -10     60      -15     60      -20     70
1950    -15     78      -20     20      -32     42
1960    -20     30      -15     40      -20     10
1970    -5      30      -30     40      -15     20
}\datatable


\begin{document}%
\begin{tikzpicture}
  \begin{axis}[
    x tick label style={
      /pgf/number format/1000 sep=},
      ylabel=Population,
      ybar,
      enlarge x limits=0.15,
      bar width=0.8em,
    after end axis/.append code={
        \draw ({rel axis cs:0,0}|-{axis cs:0,0}) -- ({rel axis cs:1,0}|-{axis cs:0,0});
    }
  ]
  \addplot +[forget plot] table {\datatable};
  \addplot table [y index=2] {\datatable};

  \addplot +[forget plot] table [y index=3] {\datatable};
  \addplot table [y index=4] {\datatable};

  \addplot +[forget plot] table [y index=5] {\datatable};
  \addplot table [y index=6] {\datatable};
  \legend{Far,Near,Here}
  \end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}

\end{document}

答案3

这里为您提供单色或彩色条的更多或更少的自动化版本：

代码

\documentclass[parskip]{scrartcl}
\usepackage[margin=15mm]{geometry}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{arrows}

\pgfdeclarelayer{background}
\pgfsetlayers{background,main}

\newcommand{\drawstacks}[3]% low/high value, baroptions, gridoptions
{   \xdef\minvalue{0}
    \xdef\maxvalue{0}
    \foreach \low/\high [count=\c] in {#1}
  { \fill[#2] (\c-0.8,\low) rectangle (\c-0.2,\high);
    \xdef\stacknumber{\c}
    \pgfmathsetmacro{\lower}{min(\minvalue,\low)}
        \xdef\minvalue{\lower}
        \pgfmathsetmacro{\higher}{max(\maxvalue,\high)}
        \xdef\maxvalue{\higher}
  }
  \pgfmathtruncatemacro{\lowbound}{\minvalue}
    \pgfmathtruncatemacro{\highbound}{\maxvalue}
  \begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
        \draw[#3] (0,\lowbound-1) grid (\stacknumber,\highbound+1);
    \end{pgfonlayer}
    \draw[thick,-latex] (0,0) -- (\c+0.5,0);
    \draw[thick,-latex] (0,\lowbound-1) -- (0,\highbound+1.5);
    \pgfmathtruncatemacro{\a}{\lowbound-1}
    \pgfmathtruncatemacro{\b}{\highbound+1}
    \foreach \x in {\a,...,\b}
    {   \pgfmathtruncatemacro{\label}{\x}
        \draw (0.07,\x) -- (-0.07,\x) node[left] {\label};
    }
}

\newcommand{\drawcolorstacks}[2]% low/high/color, gridoptions
{   \xdef\minvalue{0}
    \xdef\maxvalue{0}
    \foreach \low/\high/\fillcolor [count=\c] in {#1}
  { \fill[\fillcolor,draw=\fillcolor!50!black] (\c-0.8,\low) rectangle (\c-0.2,\high);
    \xdef\stacknumber{\c}
    \pgfmathsetmacro{\lower}{min(\minvalue,\low)}
        \xdef\minvalue{\lower}
        \pgfmathsetmacro{\higher}{max(\maxvalue,\high)}
        \xdef\maxvalue{\higher}
  }
  \pgfmathtruncatemacro{\lowbound}{\minvalue}
    \pgfmathtruncatemacro{\highbound}{\maxvalue}
  \begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
        \draw[#2] (0,\lowbound-1) grid (\stacknumber,\highbound+1);
    \end{pgfonlayer}
    \draw[thick,-latex] (0,0) -- (\c+0.5,0);
    \draw[thick,-latex] (0,\lowbound-1) -- (0,\highbound+1.5);
    \pgfmathtruncatemacro{\a}{\lowbound-1}
    \pgfmathtruncatemacro{\b}{\highbound+1}
    \foreach \x in {\a,...,\b}
    {   \pgfmathtruncatemacro{\label}{\x}
        \draw (0.07,\x) -- (-0.07,\x) node[left] {\label};
    }
}

\colorlet{cola}{red!50!gray}
\colorlet{colb}{orange!50!gray}
\colorlet{colc}{yellow!50!gray}
\colorlet{cold}{green!50!gray}
\colorlet{cole}{blue!50!gray}
\colorlet{colf}{violet!50!gray}
\colorlet{colg}{gray}

\begin{document}

\begin{tikzpicture}
    \drawstacks{-2.1/4.3,-1.8/7.1,-5.6/3.7,-4.5/3.5,-3.9/2.0,-6.3/1.7,-1.8/2.4}{red!50,draw=red!50!black}{gray}
\end{tikzpicture}
\begin{tikzpicture}
    \drawcolorstacks{-2.1/4.3/cola,-1.8/7.1/colb,-5.6/3.7/colc,-4.5/3.5/cold,-3.9/2.0/cole,-6.3/1.7/colf,-1.8/2.4/colg}{gray, thick, densely dotted}
\end{tikzpicture}

\end{document}

结果

在此处输入图片描述

为了绘制高值，这里有一个新版本：它有一个新的可选参数，所有数据都被划分为绘图，它的默认值为 500，但可以更改：

代码

\newcommand{\drawhighstacks}[3][500]% low/high/color, gridoptions
{   \xdef\minvalue{0}
    \xdef\maxvalue{0}
    \foreach \low/\high/\fillcolor [count=\c] in {#2}
  { \fill[\fillcolor,draw=\fillcolor!50!black] (\c-0.8,\low/#1) rectangle (\c-0.2,\high/#1);
    \xdef\stacknumber{\c}
    \pgfmathsetmacro{\lower}{min(\minvalue,\low)}
        \xdef\minvalue{\lower}
        \pgfmathsetmacro{\higher}{max(\maxvalue,\high)}
        \xdef\maxvalue{\higher}
  }
  \pgfmathtruncatemacro{\lowbound}{\minvalue/#1}
    \pgfmathtruncatemacro{\highbound}{\maxvalue/#1}
  \begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
        \draw[#3] (0,\lowbound-1) grid (\stacknumber,\highbound+1);
    \end{pgfonlayer}
    \draw[thick,-latex] (0,0) -- (\c+0.5,0);
    \draw[thick,-latex] (0,\lowbound-1) -- (0,\highbound+1.5);
    \pgfmathtruncatemacro{\a}{\lowbound-1}
    \pgfmathtruncatemacro{\b}{\highbound+1}
    \foreach \x in {\a,...,\b}
    {   \pgfmathtruncatemacro{\label}{\x*#1}
        \draw (0.07,\x) -- (-0.07,\x) node[left] {\label};
    }
}

结果

\begin{tikzpicture}
    \drawhighstacks{-1632/927/cola, -412/1250/colb, -777/1965/colc, -1234/1984/cold, -981/1984/cole, -1004/590/colf, -766/1318/colg}{gray, thick, dashed}
\end{tikzpicture}
\begin{tikzpicture}
    \drawhighstacks[300]{-1632/927/cola, -412/1250/colb, -777/1965/colc, -1234/1984/cold, -981/1984/cole, -1004/590/colf, -766/1318/colg}{gray, thick, dashed}
\end{tikzpicture}

在此处输入图片描述

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