在 tikz 中绘制垂直分层 n 元树

Question

我正在尝试绘制一个简单的垂直树来表示社区中图形的层次划分。我已经编写了一些代码来在 tikz 中绘制它，但我对结果不太满意。我的代码是：

\begin{tikzpicture}[shorten >=1pt, auto, node distance=3cm, ultra thick,
        node_style/.style={font=\sffamily\Large\bfseries,minimum size=0.7cm},
        edge_style/.style={draw=blue, ultra thick},
        community_label_style/.style=    {font=\sffamily\Large\bfseries,minimum size=0.7cm,text height=1.5ex,text depth=.25ex,}]
\node[community_label_style] (v15) at (0,-4) {\emph{a}};
\node[community_label_style] (v16) at (1,-4) {b};
\node[community_label_style] (v17) at (3,-4) {c};
\node[community_label_style] (v18) at (4,-4) {d};
\node[community_label_style] (v19) at (8,-4) {e};
\node[community_label_style] (v20) at (9,-4) {f};
\node[community_label_style] (v21) at (11,-4) {g};
\node[community_label_style] (v22) at (12,-4) {h};
\node (v1) at (6,1) {};
\node[community_label_style] (v13) at (1,-2) {$C2$};
\node[community_label_style] (v7) at (9,-2) {$C6$};
\node (v2) at (6,0) {};
\draw  (v1) edge (v2);
\node[community_label_style] (v3) at (2,0) {$C1_2$};
\node[community_label_style] (v4) at (10,0) {$C2_2$};
\node[community_label_style] (v11) at (4,-2) {$C4$};
\draw  (v2) edge (v3);
\draw  (v2) edge (v4);
\node (v5) at (2,-2) {};
\node[community_label_style] (v12) at (3,-2) {$C3$};
\node[community_label_style] (v14) at (0,-2) {$C1$};
\node (v6) at (10,-2) {};
\node[community_label_style] (v9) at (11,-2) {$C7$};
\node[community_label_style] (v10) at (12,-2) {$C8$};
\node[community_label_style] (v8) at (8,-2) {$C5$};
\draw  (v3) edge (v5);
\draw  (v4) edge (v6);
\draw  (v6) edge (v7);
\draw  (v7) edge (v8);
\draw  (v6) edge (v9);
\draw  (v9) edge (v10);
\draw  (v11) edge (v12);
\draw  (v12) edge (v5);
\draw  (v5) edge (v13);
\draw  (v13) edge (v14);
\draw  (v15) edge (v14);
\draw  (v16) edge (v13);
\draw  (v17) edge (v12);
\draw  (v18) edge (v11);
\draw  (v19) edge (v8);
\draw  (v20) edge (v7);
\draw  (v21) edge (v9);
\draw  (v22) edge (v10);
\draw  (v13) edge (v12);
\draw  (v7) edge (v9);
\draw  (v4) edge (v3);
\end{tikzpicture}

结果是：

我不喜欢用白点隔开线条。我想画出更优雅的图形。可能吗？我该如何改进我的绘画？

感谢您的帮助。

Answer 1

我可以向你推荐强大的forest包？它基于 PGF/TikZ 构建，因此您仍然可以使用 TikZ 的强大功能（如果需要），并且提供了很多有趣的功能来构建树。比较代码中的经济性：

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{forest}

\begin{document}

\begin{forest} 
where n children=0{font=\sffamily}{},
for tree={
  edge path={
    \noexpand\path[\forestoption{edge}]
      (!u.parent anchor) -- +(0,-13pt) -|   
      (.child anchor)\forestoption{edge label};
  },
  l sep=10pt,
} 
[\mbox{}
  [$C1_2$
    [$C1$ [a]]
    [$C2$ [b]]
    [$C3$ [c]]
    [$C4$ [d]]
  ]
  [$C2_2$
    [$C5$ [e]]
    [$C6$ [f]]
    [$C7$ [g]]
    [$C8$ [h]]
  ]
]
\end{forest}

\end{document}

Answer 2

另一种选择——使用tikz tree，达到同样的效果。

代码

\documentclass[12pt]{article}
\usepackage{graphicx,xcolor}
\usepackage[margin=0.5cm]{geometry}
%\usepackage[landscape,paper=ansibpaper]{geometry}
\usepackage{lscape} %for landscape 
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{shapes,calc,positioning,arrows,mindmap,matrix}

\begin{document}
\tikzset{
    node_style/.style={font=\sffamily\Large\bfseries,minimum size=0.7cm},
    edge_style/.style={draw=blue, ultra thick},
    community_label_style/.style= {font=\sffamily\Large\bfseries,minimum size=0.7cm,text height=1.5ex,text depth=.25ex,},
    edge from parent fork down,
    level/.style={sibling distance = 6cm, level distance =2cm},
    level 2/.style={sibling distance=1.5cm},
}
\begin{tikzpicture}[
-, auto, node distance=3cm, ultra thick,
]
\node[]{}
 child[] {node[community_label_style] (v3)  {$C1_2$}
     child[]{node[community_label_style] (v14) {$C1$}
            child []{node[community_label_style] (v15)  {\emph{a}}}}
     child[]{node[community_label_style] (v13) {$C2$}
            child []{node[community_label_style] (v15)  {b}}}
     child[]{node[community_label_style] (v12) {$C3$}
            child []{node[community_label_style] (v15)  {c}}}
     child[]{node[community_label_style] (v11) {$C4$}
            child []{node[community_label_style] (v15)  {d}}}
     }
 child[] {node[community_label_style] (v4)  {$C2_2$}
     child[]{node[community_label_style] (v14) {$C5$}
            child []{node[community_label_style] (v15)  {e}}}
     child[]{node[community_label_style] (v13) {$C6$}
            child []{node[community_label_style] (v15)  {f}}}
     child[]{node[community_label_style] (v12) {$C7$}
            child []{node[community_label_style] (v15)  {g}}}
     child[]{node[community_label_style] (v11) {$C8$}
            child []{node[community_label_style] (v15)  {h}}}
};
\end{tikzpicture}

\end{document}

Answer 3

由于我无法理解forest，我可能会使用tikz-qtree：

\documentclass{standalone}
\usepackage{tikz-qtree}

\begin{document}

\begin{tikzpicture}
  \tikzset{edge from parent/.style={draw, edge from parent path={(\tikzparentnode.south) -- +(0,-12pt) -| (\tikzchildnode)}}}
  \tikzset{every leaf node/.style={font=\sffamily}}
  \Tree
    [.{}
      [.$C1$
        [.$C1$ a
        ]
        [.$C2$ b
        ]
        [.$C3$ c
        ]
        [.$C4$ d
        ]
      ]
      [.$C2$
        [.$C5$ e
        ]
        [.$C6$ f
        ]
        [.$C7$ g
        ]
        [.$C8$ h
        ]
      ]
    ]
\end{tikzpicture}

\end{document}

Answer 4

以下是使用该genealogytree包的另一种替代方法：

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[all]{genealogytree}

\begin{document}

\begin{genealogypicture}[
  processing=tcbox*,           % draw nodes with tcolorbox
  node size from=6mm to 5cm,   % width of nodes
  level size=6mm,              % height of nodes
  level distance=8mm,          % generation distance
  child distance=4mm,further distance=4mm,%  horizontal distances
  box={blanker,before upper=\strut,fontupper=\sffamily\Large\bfseries},
  edges={foreground={black,ultra thick},no background},
]
child{ g{}
  child{ g{$C1_2$}
    child{ g{$C1$} c{a} }
    child{ g{$C2$} c{b} }
    child{ g{$C3$} c{d} }
    child{ g{$C4$} c{d} }
  }
  child{ g{$C2_2$}
    child{ g{$C5$} c{e} }
    child{ g{$C6$} c{f} }
    child{ g{$C7$} c{g} }
    child{ g{$C8$} c{h} }
  }
}
\end{genealogypicture}

\end{document}