第一次近似

Question 1

以下示例将问题放在\hbox右侧。框的宽度是使用最长的问题预先测量的：

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[
  hmargin=1.5in,
]{geometry}
\usepackage{enumerate}

\newdimen\QuestionLength
\newcommand*{\QuestionFormat}[1]{\textbullet~#1}%
\settowidth{\QuestionLength}{%
  \QuestionFormat{Who did my friends invite to the party?}%
}
\newcommand*{\question}[1]{%
  \leavevmode
  \unskip
  \hspace*{1em plus 1fill}\hbox to \QuestionLength{%
    \QuestionFormat{#1}\hfill
  }%
  \par
}

\begin{document}
\begin{enumerate}[(1)]
\item
  This sentence is missing X.
  \question{What is this sentence missing?}

  Some comment/paragraph(s) in between.

\item
  X is missing a subject.
  \question{What/Who is missing a subject?}

  Some comment/paragraph(s) in between.

\item
  My friends invited X to the party.
  \question{Who did my friends invite to the party?}

  Some comment/paragraph(s) in between.

\item
  \question{Who did my friends invite?}
\end{enumerate}
\end{document}

修复了左侧空格的版本

将左侧最大文本的宽度放入\LeftPartLength。然后使用当前行宽减去左侧部分的长度和一些分隔空间来计算问题的宽度。如果没有足够的空间容纳问题，则会抛出错误。

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[
  hmargin=1.5in,
]{geometry}
\usepackage{enumerate}

\newcommand*{\QuestionFormat}[1]{\textbullet~#1}%
\newdimen\QuestionLength
\newdimen\LeftPartLength
\newdimen\MiddleSep
\setlength{\MiddleSep}{1em}
\settowidth{\QuestionLength}{%
  \QuestionFormat{Who did my friends invite to the party?}%
}
\settowidth{\LeftPartLength}{%
   Some comment/paragraph(s) in between.%
}

\newcommand*{\question}[1]{%
  \leavevmode
  \unskip
  \begingroup
    \dimen0=\dimexpr\linewidth - \LeftPartLength - \MiddleSep\relax
    \ifdim\dimen0<\QuestionLength
      \errmessage{Question is large by %
        \the\dimexpr\QuestionLength-\dimen0\relax.}%
    \fi
    \hspace*{\MiddleSep plus 1fill}%
    \hbox to \dimen0{%
      \QuestionFormat{#1}\hfill
    }%
  \endgroup
  \par
}

\begin{document}
\begin{enumerate}[(1)]
\item
  This sentence is missing X.
  \question{What is this sentence missing?}

  Some comment/paragraph(s) in between.

\item
  X is missing a subject.
  \question{What/Who is missing a subject?}

  Some comment/paragraph(s) in between.

\item
  My friends invited X to the party.
  \question{Who did my friends invite to the party?}

  Some comment/paragraph(s) in between.

\item
  \question{Who did my friends invite?}
\end{enumerate}
\end{document}

Answer

以下示例将问题放在\hbox右侧。框的宽度是使用最长的问题预先测量的：

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[
  hmargin=1.5in,
]{geometry}
\usepackage{enumerate}

\newdimen\QuestionLength
\newcommand*{\QuestionFormat}[1]{\textbullet~#1}%
\settowidth{\QuestionLength}{%
  \QuestionFormat{Who did my friends invite to the party?}%
}
\newcommand*{\question}[1]{%
  \leavevmode
  \unskip
  \hspace*{1em plus 1fill}\hbox to \QuestionLength{%
    \QuestionFormat{#1}\hfill
  }%
  \par
}

\begin{document}
\begin{enumerate}[(1)]
\item
  This sentence is missing X.
  \question{What is this sentence missing?}

  Some comment/paragraph(s) in between.

\item
  X is missing a subject.
  \question{What/Who is missing a subject?}

  Some comment/paragraph(s) in between.

\item
  My friends invited X to the party.
  \question{Who did my friends invite to the party?}

  Some comment/paragraph(s) in between.

\item
  \question{Who did my friends invite?}
\end{enumerate}
\end{document}

修复了左侧空格的版本

将左侧最大文本的宽度放入\LeftPartLength。然后使用当前行宽减去左侧部分的长度和一些分隔空间来计算问题的宽度。如果没有足够的空间容纳问题，则会抛出错误。

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[
  hmargin=1.5in,
]{geometry}
\usepackage{enumerate}

\newcommand*{\QuestionFormat}[1]{\textbullet~#1}%
\newdimen\QuestionLength
\newdimen\LeftPartLength
\newdimen\MiddleSep
\setlength{\MiddleSep}{1em}
\settowidth{\QuestionLength}{%
  \QuestionFormat{Who did my friends invite to the party?}%
}
\settowidth{\LeftPartLength}{%
   Some comment/paragraph(s) in between.%
}

\newcommand*{\question}[1]{%
  \leavevmode
  \unskip
  \begingroup
    \dimen0=\dimexpr\linewidth - \LeftPartLength - \MiddleSep\relax
    \ifdim\dimen0<\QuestionLength
      \errmessage{Question is large by %
        \the\dimexpr\QuestionLength-\dimen0\relax.}%
    \fi
    \hspace*{\MiddleSep plus 1fill}%
    \hbox to \dimen0{%
      \QuestionFormat{#1}\hfill
    }%
  \endgroup
  \par
}

\begin{document}
\begin{enumerate}[(1)]
\item
  This sentence is missing X.
  \question{What is this sentence missing?}

  Some comment/paragraph(s) in between.

\item
  X is missing a subject.
  \question{What/Who is missing a subject?}

  Some comment/paragraph(s) in between.

\item
  My friends invited X to the party.
  \question{Who did my friends invite to the party?}

  Some comment/paragraph(s) in between.

\item
  \question{Who did my friends invite?}
\end{enumerate}
\end{document}

Question 2

感谢 touhami 的建议，我找到了更通用的解决方案zref-savepos。请参阅软件包的文档以获取一些解释。一个困难似乎是绝对位置很难处理，而相对位置还可以。它最多需要5 合辑把事情做好！

这是注释的代码：

\documentclass[a4paper,10pt,DIV13]{scrartcl}
\usepackage{expex}
\usepackage{tabu}
\usepackage{ifthen}
\usepackage{calc}
\usepackage{zref-user}
\usepackage{zref-savepos}

\begin{document}

% because the bullets where here only to explicit what I wanted to align
% I didn't include them in the macros

% first the more general solution for paragraphs

\newlength{\tab}% the length of the jumps
\newcommand{\banchor}[1]{\zsaveposx{#1}}% choose the reference point

\newcommand{\balign}[2]{% the 1st argument is the anchorname of the current jump
                        % the 2nd argument is the name of the general anchor chosen
                        % through \banchor
\rule{0pt}{0pt}% to avoid trouble at the beginning of lines
\zsaveposx{#1}\zrefused{#1}% set the reference point from where you want to jump
\setlength{\tab}{\zposx{#2}sp-\zposx{#1}sp}% calculate the length of the jump
\ifthenelse{\lengthtest{\tab<0pt}}% if it's a negative jump,
  {\\\rule{0pt}{0pt}\zsaveposx{#1improbablename}%
    % then begin a new line and set the reference at its beginning
    % with a new anchor name
  \setlength{\tab}{\zposx{#2}sp-\zposx{#1improbablename}sp}% recalculate the jump
  } %
  {}%
\parbox[l]{\tab}{\rule{0pt}{0pt}}% use a \parbox to jump a exact unstrechtable length
% \hspace*{\tab} doesn't work here, because it's strechtable
}

This paragraph horizontally jumps\hspace*{4em}\banchor{B}\textbullet\ at  some point
for some reason. The rest of the text can span other the next lines. 
% this jump is arbitrary, the next ones (previous ones would also work)
% will adapt and align with it

This paragraph wants its jump to land\balign{Ba}{B}\textbullet\ exactly at the same
absolute horizontal position as the jump from the above paragraph (quite perfectly
executed here).

\balign{Bb}{B}\textbullet\ jumping directly to the point is also an option.

How to behave when the position is reached before jumping\balign{Bc}{B}\textbullet\ could
be defined by jumping to the next line.

The jump can also happen The jump can also happen The jump can also happen in the second
line of the paragraph, so that it looks like
\balign{Be}{B}\textbullet\ this jump. 

\bigskip
\hrule

% now to the linguistic examples, following the same principles, 
% but a bit adapted for the more specific needs of the linguistic  examples:
% compile and detect where to put the aligning anchor with \bmark
% use \btab to align the other right parts with it

\newlength{\tabmin}\setlength{\tabmin}{1em}

\newcommand{\bmark}[1]{%
\zsaveposx{#1}\zrefused{#1}\hspace*{\tabmin}}

\newcommand{\btab}[2]{%
\zsaveposx{#1}\zrefused{#1}%
\setlength{\tab}{\tabmin+\zposx{#2}sp-\zposx{#1}sp}%
\hspace*{\tab}}% \hspace* is ok, because wrapped lines are unexpected

\ex This sentence misses X.\btab{Aa}{A}\textbullet\ What does this sentence  miss?
\xe

Comments/explanations/paragraphs in between.

\ex X misses a subject.\btab{Ab}{A}\textbullet\ Who/what misses a subject?
\xe

Another comment.

\ex My friends invited X to the party.\bmark{A}\textbullet\ Who
did my friends invite to the party?
\xe

Another comment.

\ex \btab{Ac}{A}\textbullet\ Who did my friends invite?
\xe

\end{document}

编辑

现在我用一条简单的规则替换了\parbox[l]{\tab}{\rule{0pt}{0pt}}和\hspace*{\tab}，如果设置非零高度，它可以帮助可视化精确的跳跃\rule{\tab}{0pt}。

仍有待改进：我的方法需要用户在文档中找到尽可能多的不同名称，以便跳转。也许计数器可以自动完成这部分工作，这样命令\balign只\btab需要一个参数。

在其他地方测试这些宏（在表格中，或处理图形时等）可能会显示出一些严重的限制。

就目前而言，这个解决方案是我最喜欢的。

Answer

感谢 touhami 的建议，我找到了更通用的解决方案zref-savepos。请参阅软件包的文档以获取一些解释。一个困难似乎是绝对位置很难处理，而相对位置还可以。它最多需要5 合辑把事情做好！

这是注释的代码：

\documentclass[a4paper,10pt,DIV13]{scrartcl}
\usepackage{expex}
\usepackage{tabu}
\usepackage{ifthen}
\usepackage{calc}
\usepackage{zref-user}
\usepackage{zref-savepos}

\begin{document}

% because the bullets where here only to explicit what I wanted to align
% I didn't include them in the macros

% first the more general solution for paragraphs

\newlength{\tab}% the length of the jumps
\newcommand{\banchor}[1]{\zsaveposx{#1}}% choose the reference point

\newcommand{\balign}[2]{% the 1st argument is the anchorname of the current jump
                        % the 2nd argument is the name of the general anchor chosen
                        % through \banchor
\rule{0pt}{0pt}% to avoid trouble at the beginning of lines
\zsaveposx{#1}\zrefused{#1}% set the reference point from where you want to jump
\setlength{\tab}{\zposx{#2}sp-\zposx{#1}sp}% calculate the length of the jump
\ifthenelse{\lengthtest{\tab<0pt}}% if it's a negative jump,
  {\\\rule{0pt}{0pt}\zsaveposx{#1improbablename}%
    % then begin a new line and set the reference at its beginning
    % with a new anchor name
  \setlength{\tab}{\zposx{#2}sp-\zposx{#1improbablename}sp}% recalculate the jump
  } %
  {}%
\parbox[l]{\tab}{\rule{0pt}{0pt}}% use a \parbox to jump a exact unstrechtable length
% \hspace*{\tab} doesn't work here, because it's strechtable
}

This paragraph horizontally jumps\hspace*{4em}\banchor{B}\textbullet\ at  some point
for some reason. The rest of the text can span other the next lines. 
% this jump is arbitrary, the next ones (previous ones would also work)
% will adapt and align with it

This paragraph wants its jump to land\balign{Ba}{B}\textbullet\ exactly at the same
absolute horizontal position as the jump from the above paragraph (quite perfectly
executed here).

\balign{Bb}{B}\textbullet\ jumping directly to the point is also an option.

How to behave when the position is reached before jumping\balign{Bc}{B}\textbullet\ could
be defined by jumping to the next line.

The jump can also happen The jump can also happen The jump can also happen in the second
line of the paragraph, so that it looks like
\balign{Be}{B}\textbullet\ this jump. 

\bigskip
\hrule

% now to the linguistic examples, following the same principles, 
% but a bit adapted for the more specific needs of the linguistic  examples:
% compile and detect where to put the aligning anchor with \bmark
% use \btab to align the other right parts with it

\newlength{\tabmin}\setlength{\tabmin}{1em}

\newcommand{\bmark}[1]{%
\zsaveposx{#1}\zrefused{#1}\hspace*{\tabmin}}

\newcommand{\btab}[2]{%
\zsaveposx{#1}\zrefused{#1}%
\setlength{\tab}{\tabmin+\zposx{#2}sp-\zposx{#1}sp}%
\hspace*{\tab}}% \hspace* is ok, because wrapped lines are unexpected

\ex This sentence misses X.\btab{Aa}{A}\textbullet\ What does this sentence  miss?
\xe

Comments/explanations/paragraphs in between.

\ex X misses a subject.\btab{Ab}{A}\textbullet\ Who/what misses a subject?
\xe

Another comment.

\ex My friends invited X to the party.\bmark{A}\textbullet\ Who
did my friends invite to the party?
\xe

Another comment.

\ex \btab{Ac}{A}\textbullet\ Who did my friends invite?
\xe

\end{document}

编辑

现在我用一条简单的规则替换了\parbox[l]{\tab}{\rule{0pt}{0pt}}和\hspace*{\tab}，如果设置非零高度，它可以帮助可视化精确的跳跃\rule{\tab}{0pt}。

仍有待改进：我的方法需要用户在文档中找到尽可能多的不同名称，以便跳转。也许计数器可以自动完成这部分工作，这样命令\balign只\btab需要一个参数。

在其他地方测试这些宏（在表格中，或处理图形时等）可能会显示出一些严重的限制。

就目前而言，这个解决方案是我最喜欢的。

Question 3

第一次近似

该\parbox解决方案仅适用于非常短的文本。这是一个更复杂的程序：

\documentclass[a4paper]{article}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{lipsum}

\makeatletter

\def\do#1{\@ifdefinable #1{\newdimen #1}}
% the above is because \newlength allocates a \skip
\do\JumpIndentation
\do\JPprevpardepth

% To allow customization:
\@ifdefinable\EveryJumpingPar{
    \newtoks\EveryJumpingPar \EveryJumpingPar={}
}

\newcommand*\StartJumpingPar{\par
    \JPprevpardepth \prevdepth
    \setbox\z@ \vbox\bgroup
        \color@begingroup % not sure it's really necessary
        \parfillskip \@flushglue
        \prevdepth \JPprevpardepth
        \indent \the\EveryJumpingPar
}
\newcommand*\Jump{%
        \par
        \color@endgroup
    \egroup
    \setbox\tw@ \vbox{%
        \unvcopy\z@
        \setbox\tw@ \lastbox % note that "\indent\par" yields at least one box
        \global \setbox\@ne \hbox{\unhbox\tw@}%
        \global \dimen@i \lastskip % should be -- finger crossed! -- the 
                                  % interline glue above the last box
        \unskip \unpenalty % remove interline glue and widow penalty
        \setbox\tw@ \lastbox % if non-void, assume it is penultimate line
        \global \dimen3 \ifvoid\tw@
            \JPprevpardepth
        \else
            \dp\tw@
        \fi
    }%
    \unvbox\z@
    \ifdim \wd\@ne<\JumpIndentation
        % backspace vertically by one line
        \skip@ \parskip
        \advance \skip@ \ht\@ne
        \advance \skip@ \dp\@ne
        \advance \skip@ \dimen@i
        \vskip -\skip@
        \prevdepth \dimen3
    \else
        \prevdepth \dp\@ne
    \fi
    {\parindent \JumpIndentation \indent}%
    \ignorespaces
}

\makeatother

\setlength{\JumpIndentation}{.57\textwidth} % set as desired



\begin{document}

Let's begin with an ordinart paragraph.

\lipsum[1]

\StartJumpingPar
Now a ``jumping paragraph''.
\lipsum*[1]\Jump\lipsum*[2]

Another ordinary (\emph{i.e.}, ``non-jumping'') paragraph in between, consisting
of at least two lines of text.

\StartJumpingPar
Note that all ``jump'' positions\Jump are vertically aligned, as required.

\StartJumpingPar
If the horizontal position to jump to has already been passed,\Jump the
\verb|\Jump| commands jumps to the next line, as required too.

\StartJumpingPar
Let's try, this time, to get aaaaalmost to\Jump the point!  Now we try again, 
with just one more~``a''.

\StartJumpingPar
Let's try, this time, to get aaaaaalmost to\Jump the point!  Are you satisfied?

\EveryJumpingPar{\textbullet\ }

\StartJumpingPar
Moreover, you can use the token register \verb|\EveryJumpingPar| to customize 
the appearance of\Jump your ``jumping paragraphs''.

That's all, folks!

\end{document}

该代码产生的输出是：

这应该被视为对答案的初步近似：我将等待 OP 的评论，然后再介绍可能的增强功能。

第二次近似

这次我们定义一个名为的环境JumpingParagraphs。此环境必须包含仅有的普通段落，仅此而已。在此环境所包含的每个段落内，\Jump可以使用该命令将表格移动到由\JumpIndentation固定长度指定的水平位置。\Jump在同一段落内，可以无限次使用该命令。

\documentclass[a4paper]{article}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{lipsum}

\makeatletter

\def\do#1{\@ifdefinable #1{\newdimen #1}}
% the above is because \newlength allocates a \skip
\do\JumpIndentation
\do\@JP@normal@indent
\do\@JP@prevpardepth

% To allow customization:
\@ifdefinable\EveryJumpingPar{
    \newtoks\EveryJumpingPar \EveryJumpingPar={}
}

\@ifdefinable\@JP@saved@par{} % just check that the name can be used
\newenvironment*{JumpingParagraphs}{%
    \@JP@normal@indent \parindent
    \let\@JP@saved@par\par
    \def\par{\@JP@par@close\@JP@start@paragraph}%
    \@JP@start@paragraph
}{%
    \@JP@par@close
}
\newcommand*\@JP@start@paragraph{%
    \@JP@par@open\@JP@normal@indent{\the\EveryJumpingPar}%
}
\newcommand*\@JP@par@open[2]{%
    \@JP@prevpardepth \prevdepth
    \setbox\z@ \vbox\bgroup
        \color@begingroup % not sure it's really necessary
        \parfillskip \@flushglue
        \prevdepth \@JP@prevpardepth
        {\parindent #1\indent #2}%
        \ignorespaces
}
\newcommand*\@JP@par@close{%
        \@JP@saved@par
        \global \dimen@i \prevdepth
        \color@endgroup
    \egroup
    \unvcopy\z@
    \prevdepth \dimen@i % for the moment
}
\newcommand*\Jump{%
    \@JP@par@close
    \setbox\z@ \vbox{%
        \unvbox\z@
        \setbox\z@ \lastbox % note that "\indent\par" yields at least one box
        \global \setbox\@ne \hbox{\unhbox\z@}%
        \global \dimen@i \lastskip % should be -- finger crossed! -- the 
                                   % interline glue above the last box
        \unskip \unpenalty % remove interline glue and widow penalty
        \setbox\z@ \lastbox % if non-void, assume it is penultimate line
        \global \dimen3 \ifvoid\z@
            \@JP@prevpardepth
        \else
            \dp\z@
        \fi
    }%
    \ifdim \wd\@ne<\JumpIndentation
        % backspace vertically by one line
        \skip@ \parskip
        \advance \skip@ \ht\@ne
        \advance \skip@ \dp\@ne
        \advance \skip@ \dimen@i
        \vskip -\skip@
        \prevdepth \dimen3
        \dimen@ \ht\@ne
    \else
        \prevdepth \dp\@ne
        \dimen@ \z@
    \fi
    \@JP@par@open\JumpIndentation{\vrule \@width\z@ \@height\dimen@}%
}

\makeatother

\setlength{\JumpIndentation}{.57\textwidth} % set as desired



\begin{document}

Let's begin with an ordinary paragraph.

\lipsum[1]

\begin{JumpingParagraphs}
% No empty lines here!
Now a ``jumping paragraph''.
\lipsum*[1]\Jump\lipsum*[2]
\Jump Regrettably, \verb|Overfull \hbox|'es might occur: this is almost
inevitable, given the fact that a line containing a ``jump'' places a double
constraint on the choice of the breakpoints.

Another ordinary (\emph{i.e.}, ``non-jumping'') paragraph in between, consisting
of at least two lines of text.  Note that it occurs \emph{within} a 
\texttt{JumpingParagraphs} environment.

Note that all ``jump'' positions\Jump are vertically aligned, as required.

If the horizontal position to jump to has already been passed,\Jump the
\verb|\Jump| commands jumps to the next line, as required too.

Let's try, this time, to get aaaaalmost to\Jump the point!  Now we try again, 
with just one more~``a''.

Let's try, this time, to get aaaaaalmost to\Jump the point!  Are you satisfied?

Moreover, you can use the token register \verb|\EveryJumpingPar| to customize 
the appearance of\Jump your ``jumping paragraphs''.  However, it must be set 
\emph{outside} of the \texttt{JumpingParagraphs} environment.

The \verb|\Jump| command can also be used\Jump several times\Jump within a
single paragraph.  And in-line mathematics (say, \( y=\sin(x) \)) may\Jump
occur, too.  As it is quite obvious, you can both jump \emph{to} math\Jump\(
y=\frac{1}{x} \), and \emph{from} math (the last equation is better
written as \( y=1/x \),\Jump isn't it?).  It is also possible to use unusually
high formulas, as in \( \displaystyle
\biggl(\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{y}\biggr)\biggl(\frac{1}{x}-\frac{1}{y}\biggr) \),
and, even in case of a\Jump jump, the spacing will be correct!

But alas, \( \displaystyle \frac{x}{y}+\frac{y}{x}=\frac{x^{2}+y^{2}}{xy} \)
\Jump fails miserably: the spacing is correct for the second half of the line,
but not for the first.  You should keep in mind this limitation.  On the other
hand,\Jump \( \displaystyle \frac{x}{y}+\frac{y}{x}=\frac{x^{2}+y^{2}}{xy} \)
works in a more or less acceptable way, as you can see.

\textbf{Main limitation:} a \texttt{JumpingParagraphs} environment cannot
contain \emph{anything} but ordinary paragraphs.
% No empty lines here!
\end{JumpingParagraphs}

This paragraph is outside the \texttt{JumpingParagraphs} environment.  Note 
that line spacing is correct

\bigbreak

\EveryJumpingPar = {\textbullet\ }

We have just set \verb|\EveryJumpingPar| to contain \verb*|\textbullet\ |.  Now 
we start another \texttt{JumpingParagraphs} environment.

\begin{JumpingParagraphs}
    $X$~misses something.
    \Jump What is $X$ missing?

    This sentence misses~$X$.
    \Jump What is missing?

    This sentence $X$ something.
    \Jump What is missing?
\end{JumpingParagraphs}

That's all, folks!

\end{document}

第三次（和第四次）近似

\par第二个近似值无法正确处理输入中出现多个标记的情况，因为这可能是由额外的空行引起的。第三个近似值通过求助于\everypar触发\@JP@start@paragraph宏来纠正此缺陷，并且还添加了\EveryJump标记寄存器：

\documentclass[a4paper]{article}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{lipsum}
\usepackage{color}

\definecolor{subdued}{gray}{.75}

\makeatletter

\def\do#1{\@ifdefinable #1{\newdimen #1}}
% the above is because \newlength allocates a \skip
\do\JumpIndentation
\do\@JP@normal@indent
\do\@JP@prevpardepth

% To allow customization:
\def\do#1{\@ifdefinable #1{\newtoks #1#1{}}}
\do\EveryJumpingPar
\do\EveryJump

\@ifdefinable\@JP@saved@par{} % just check that the name can be used
\@ifdefinable\@JP@next{}
\newenvironment*{JumpingParagraphs}{%
    \everypar{\@JP@start@paragraph}%
}{%
    \par
}
\newcommand*\@JP@start@paragraph{%
    \@JP@normal@indent \parindent
    \let\@JP@saved@par\par
    \setbox\z@ \lastbox % get indentation box
    \@@par % return to vertical mode with an empty paragraph
    \ifvoid\z@
        \let \@JP@next \noindent
    \else
        \let \@JP@next \indent
    \fi
    \@JP@par@open\@JP@next\@JP@normal@indent{\the\EveryJumpingPar}%
}
\newcommand*\@JP@par@open[3]{%
    % #1 <- either "\indent" or "\noindent"
    % #2 <- indentation amount
    % #3 <- tokens to insert at the beginning of the paragraph
    \@JP@prevpardepth \prevdepth
    \setbox\z@ \vbox\bgroup
        \color@begingroup % not sure it's really necessary
        \parfillskip \@flushglue
        \everypar{}%
        \let\par\@JP@par@close
        \prevdepth \@JP@prevpardepth
        {\parindent #2#1#3}%
        \ignorespaces
}
\newcommand*\@JP@par@close{%
        \@JP@saved@par
        \global \dimen@i \prevdepth
        \color@endgroup
    \egroup
    \unvcopy\z@
    \prevdepth \dimen@i % for the moment
}
\newcommand*\Jump{%
    \@JP@par@close
    \setbox\z@ \vbox{%
        \unvbox\z@
        \setbox\z@ \lastbox % note that "\indent\par" yields at least one box
        \global \setbox\@ne \hbox{\unhbox\z@}%
        \global \skip\@ne \lastskip % should be -- finger crossed! -- the 
                                    % interline glue above the last box
        \unskip \unpenalty % remove interline glue and widow penalty
        \setbox\z@ \lastbox % if non-void, assume it is penultimate line
        \global \dimen@i \ifvoid\z@
            \@JP@prevpardepth
        \else
            \dp\z@
        \fi
    }%
    \ifdim \wd\@ne<\JumpIndentation
        % backspace vertically by one line
        % Note: no "\parskip" glue is added in internal vertical mode when the
        %       current list is empty, so we don't need to compensate for it!
        \skip@ \skip\@ne
        \advance \skip@ \ht\@ne
        \advance \skip@ \dp\@ne
        \vskip -\skip@
        \prevdepth \dimen@i
        \dimen@   \ht\@ne
        \dimen@ii \dp\@ne
    \else
        \prevdepth \dp\@ne
        \dimen@   \z@
        \dimen@ii \z@
    \fi
    \@JP@par@open\indent\JumpIndentation{%
        % It was trivial to fix this one!
        \vrule \@width\z@ \@height\dimen@ \@depth\dimen@ii \relax
        % Now "\relax" is no longer necessary, actually.
        \the\EveryJump
    }%
}

\makeatother

\setlength{\JumpIndentation}{.57\textwidth} % set as desired



\begin{document}

Let's begin with an ordinary paragraph.

\lipsum[1]

\begin{JumpingParagraphs}

% Empty lines are now allowed here.

Now a ``jumping paragraph''.
\lipsum*[1]\Jump\lipsum*[2]
\Jump Regrettably,\hfil\verb|Overfull \hbox|'es might occur: this is almost
inevitable, given the fact that a line containing a ``jump'' places a double
constraint on the choice of the breakpoints.

% Multiple blank lines in the input are now handled correctly:


Another ordinary (\emph{i.e.}, ``non-jumping'') paragraph in between, consisting
of at least two lines of text.  Note that it occurs \emph{within} a 
\texttt{JumpingParagraphs} environment.

Note that all ``jump'' positions\Jump are vertically aligned, as required.

If the horizontal position to jump to has already been passed,\Jump the
\verb|\Jump| commands jumps to the next line, as required too.

Let's try, this time, to get aaaaalmost to\Jump the point!  Now we try again, 
with just one more~``a''.

Let's try, this time, to get aaaaaalmost to\Jump the point!  Are you satisfied?

\EveryJumpingPar = {\textbullet\ }

Moreover, you can use the token register \verb|\EveryJumpingPar| to customize 
the appearance of\Jump your ``jumping paragraphs''.

\EveryJump = {\textasteriskcentered\ }

In the same way, the \verb|\EveryJump| tokens\Jump are inserted each time a
\verb|\Jump| command\Jump is executed, as it is exemplified by this same\Jump
paragraph.

These token registers can now also be set inside the \texttt{JumpingParagraphs}
environment itself.

\EveryJumpingPar = {}
\EveryJump = {}

The \verb|\Jump| command can also be used\Jump several times\Jump within a
single paragraph.  And in-line mathematics (say, \( y=\sin(x) \)) may\Jump
occur, too.  As it is quite obvious, you can both jump \emph{to} math\Jump\(
y=\frac{1}{x} \), and \emph{from} math (the last equation is better
written as \( y=1/x \),\Jump isn't it?).  It is also possible to use unusually
high formulas, as in \( \displaystyle
\biggl(\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{y}\biggr)\biggl(\frac{1}{x}-\frac{1}{y}\biggr) \),
and, even in case of a\Jump jump, the spacing will be correct!

And now, also \( \displaystyle \frac{x}{y}+\frac{y}{x}=\frac{x^{2}+y^{2}}{xy} \)
\rlap{\color{subdued}sminnief}\Jump functions with absolute perfection: line
spacing is correct both for the first half of the line and for the second one.
On the other hand,\Jump \( \displaystyle
\frac{x}{y}+\frac{y}{x}=\frac{x^{2}+y^{2}}{xy} \) works in a less satisfactory
way, as you can see.  You should keep in mind this limitation.

\textbf{Main limitation:} a \texttt{JumpingParagraphs} environment cannot
contain \emph{anything} but ordinary paragraphs.

\noindent Note that \verb|\noindent| commands\Jump \emph{are} honored: indeed,
this has now been corrected (in an update).

\begingroup

\setlength{\parindent}{4em}

Also, \verb|\parindent| may now vary\Jump from one paragraph\Jump to another:
I~had completely overlooked this in the previous versions!

Another paragraph with the same\Jump different indentation.

\endgroup

Back to previous indentation,\Jump with a jump.

One last paragraph without jumps.

% Empty lines are now allowed here.

\end{JumpingParagraphs}

This paragraph is outside the \texttt{JumpingParagraphs} environment.  Note 
that line spacing is correct.

\bigbreak

\newcounter{sentence}
\renewcommand*{\thesentence}{{\normalfont (\textit{\alph{sentence}})}}
\EveryJumpingPar = {\refstepcounter{sentence}\llap{\thesentence\ }}
\EveryJump = {\textbullet\ }

We have just set \verb|\EveryJumpingPar| to contain a numbered label, which is
automatically stepped, and \verb|\EveryJump| to contain \verb*|\textbullet\ |.
Now we start another \texttt{JumpingParagraphs} environment.

\begin{JumpingParagraphs}
    \setlength{\parskip}{\medskipamount}

    $X$~misses something.
    \Jump What is $X$ missing?

    This sentence misses~$X$.
    \Jump What is missing?

    This sentence $X$ something.
    \Jump What is missing?

    Now, get close to the jump destination...
    \Jump to be sure that the baselines are lined up properly.
\end{JumpingParagraphs}

That's all, folks!

\end{document}

这次我也将显示输出：

采用的解决方案zref-savepos确实比这更灵活；但是，我认为展示如何完全使用好的“纯 TeX 风格”方法实现目标可能会很有趣：不依赖于当时\pdfsavepos操作的和相关原语\shipout，不需要两遍编译，只需要使用盒子和胶水就可以了。

我必须坦白地承认，这个问题有抓住我了！我正在反复完善我的答案，最后我可能会发布一个完整的答案……

Answer

第一次近似

该\parbox解决方案仅适用于非常短的文本。这是一个更复杂的程序：

\documentclass[a4paper]{article}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{lipsum}

\makeatletter

\def\do#1{\@ifdefinable #1{\newdimen #1}}
% the above is because \newlength allocates a \skip
\do\JumpIndentation
\do\JPprevpardepth

% To allow customization:
\@ifdefinable\EveryJumpingPar{
    \newtoks\EveryJumpingPar \EveryJumpingPar={}
}

\newcommand*\StartJumpingPar{\par
    \JPprevpardepth \prevdepth
    \setbox\z@ \vbox\bgroup
        \color@begingroup % not sure it's really necessary
        \parfillskip \@flushglue
        \prevdepth \JPprevpardepth
        \indent \the\EveryJumpingPar
}
\newcommand*\Jump{%
        \par
        \color@endgroup
    \egroup
    \setbox\tw@ \vbox{%
        \unvcopy\z@
        \setbox\tw@ \lastbox % note that "\indent\par" yields at least one box
        \global \setbox\@ne \hbox{\unhbox\tw@}%
        \global \dimen@i \lastskip % should be -- finger crossed! -- the 
                                  % interline glue above the last box
        \unskip \unpenalty % remove interline glue and widow penalty
        \setbox\tw@ \lastbox % if non-void, assume it is penultimate line
        \global \dimen3 \ifvoid\tw@
            \JPprevpardepth
        \else
            \dp\tw@
        \fi
    }%
    \unvbox\z@
    \ifdim \wd\@ne<\JumpIndentation
        % backspace vertically by one line
        \skip@ \parskip
        \advance \skip@ \ht\@ne
        \advance \skip@ \dp\@ne
        \advance \skip@ \dimen@i
        \vskip -\skip@
        \prevdepth \dimen3
    \else
        \prevdepth \dp\@ne
    \fi
    {\parindent \JumpIndentation \indent}%
    \ignorespaces
}

\makeatother

\setlength{\JumpIndentation}{.57\textwidth} % set as desired



\begin{document}

Let's begin with an ordinart paragraph.

\lipsum[1]

\StartJumpingPar
Now a ``jumping paragraph''.
\lipsum*[1]\Jump\lipsum*[2]

Another ordinary (\emph{i.e.}, ``non-jumping'') paragraph in between, consisting
of at least two lines of text.

\StartJumpingPar
Note that all ``jump'' positions\Jump are vertically aligned, as required.

\StartJumpingPar
If the horizontal position to jump to has already been passed,\Jump the
\verb|\Jump| commands jumps to the next line, as required too.

\StartJumpingPar
Let's try, this time, to get aaaaalmost to\Jump the point!  Now we try again, 
with just one more~``a''.

\StartJumpingPar
Let's try, this time, to get aaaaaalmost to\Jump the point!  Are you satisfied?

\EveryJumpingPar{\textbullet\ }

\StartJumpingPar
Moreover, you can use the token register \verb|\EveryJumpingPar| to customize 
the appearance of\Jump your ``jumping paragraphs''.

That's all, folks!

\end{document}

该代码产生的输出是：

这应该被视为对答案的初步近似：我将等待 OP 的评论，然后再介绍可能的增强功能。

第二次近似

这次我们定义一个名为的环境JumpingParagraphs。此环境必须包含仅有的普通段落，仅此而已。在此环境所包含的每个段落内，\Jump可以使用该命令将表格移动到由\JumpIndentation固定长度指定的水平位置。\Jump在同一段落内，可以无限次使用该命令。

\documentclass[a4paper]{article}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{lipsum}

\makeatletter

\def\do#1{\@ifdefinable #1{\newdimen #1}}
% the above is because \newlength allocates a \skip
\do\JumpIndentation
\do\@JP@normal@indent
\do\@JP@prevpardepth

% To allow customization:
\@ifdefinable\EveryJumpingPar{
    \newtoks\EveryJumpingPar \EveryJumpingPar={}
}

\@ifdefinable\@JP@saved@par{} % just check that the name can be used
\newenvironment*{JumpingParagraphs}{%
    \@JP@normal@indent \parindent
    \let\@JP@saved@par\par
    \def\par{\@JP@par@close\@JP@start@paragraph}%
    \@JP@start@paragraph
}{%
    \@JP@par@close
}
\newcommand*\@JP@start@paragraph{%
    \@JP@par@open\@JP@normal@indent{\the\EveryJumpingPar}%
}
\newcommand*\@JP@par@open[2]{%
    \@JP@prevpardepth \prevdepth
    \setbox\z@ \vbox\bgroup
        \color@begingroup % not sure it's really necessary
        \parfillskip \@flushglue
        \prevdepth \@JP@prevpardepth
        {\parindent #1\indent #2}%
        \ignorespaces
}
\newcommand*\@JP@par@close{%
        \@JP@saved@par
        \global \dimen@i \prevdepth
        \color@endgroup
    \egroup
    \unvcopy\z@
    \prevdepth \dimen@i % for the moment
}
\newcommand*\Jump{%
    \@JP@par@close
    \setbox\z@ \vbox{%
        \unvbox\z@
        \setbox\z@ \lastbox % note that "\indent\par" yields at least one box
        \global \setbox\@ne \hbox{\unhbox\z@}%
        \global \dimen@i \lastskip % should be -- finger crossed! -- the 
                                   % interline glue above the last box
        \unskip \unpenalty % remove interline glue and widow penalty
        \setbox\z@ \lastbox % if non-void, assume it is penultimate line
        \global \dimen3 \ifvoid\z@
            \@JP@prevpardepth
        \else
            \dp\z@
        \fi
    }%
    \ifdim \wd\@ne<\JumpIndentation
        % backspace vertically by one line
        \skip@ \parskip
        \advance \skip@ \ht\@ne
        \advance \skip@ \dp\@ne
        \advance \skip@ \dimen@i
        \vskip -\skip@
        \prevdepth \dimen3
        \dimen@ \ht\@ne
    \else
        \prevdepth \dp\@ne
        \dimen@ \z@
    \fi
    \@JP@par@open\JumpIndentation{\vrule \@width\z@ \@height\dimen@}%
}

\makeatother

\setlength{\JumpIndentation}{.57\textwidth} % set as desired



\begin{document}

Let's begin with an ordinary paragraph.

\lipsum[1]

\begin{JumpingParagraphs}
% No empty lines here!
Now a ``jumping paragraph''.
\lipsum*[1]\Jump\lipsum*[2]
\Jump Regrettably, \verb|Overfull \hbox|'es might occur: this is almost
inevitable, given the fact that a line containing a ``jump'' places a double
constraint on the choice of the breakpoints.

Another ordinary (\emph{i.e.}, ``non-jumping'') paragraph in between, consisting
of at least two lines of text.  Note that it occurs \emph{within} a 
\texttt{JumpingParagraphs} environment.

Note that all ``jump'' positions\Jump are vertically aligned, as required.

If the horizontal position to jump to has already been passed,\Jump the
\verb|\Jump| commands jumps to the next line, as required too.

Let's try, this time, to get aaaaalmost to\Jump the point!  Now we try again, 
with just one more~``a''.

Let's try, this time, to get aaaaaalmost to\Jump the point!  Are you satisfied?

Moreover, you can use the token register \verb|\EveryJumpingPar| to customize 
the appearance of\Jump your ``jumping paragraphs''.  However, it must be set 
\emph{outside} of the \texttt{JumpingParagraphs} environment.

The \verb|\Jump| command can also be used\Jump several times\Jump within a
single paragraph.  And in-line mathematics (say, \( y=\sin(x) \)) may\Jump
occur, too.  As it is quite obvious, you can both jump \emph{to} math\Jump\(
y=\frac{1}{x} \), and \emph{from} math (the last equation is better
written as \( y=1/x \),\Jump isn't it?).  It is also possible to use unusually
high formulas, as in \( \displaystyle
\biggl(\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{y}\biggr)\biggl(\frac{1}{x}-\frac{1}{y}\biggr) \),
and, even in case of a\Jump jump, the spacing will be correct!

But alas, \( \displaystyle \frac{x}{y}+\frac{y}{x}=\frac{x^{2}+y^{2}}{xy} \)
\Jump fails miserably: the spacing is correct for the second half of the line,
but not for the first.  You should keep in mind this limitation.  On the other
hand,\Jump \( \displaystyle \frac{x}{y}+\frac{y}{x}=\frac{x^{2}+y^{2}}{xy} \)
works in a more or less acceptable way, as you can see.

\textbf{Main limitation:} a \texttt{JumpingParagraphs} environment cannot
contain \emph{anything} but ordinary paragraphs.
% No empty lines here!
\end{JumpingParagraphs}

This paragraph is outside the \texttt{JumpingParagraphs} environment.  Note 
that line spacing is correct

\bigbreak

\EveryJumpingPar = {\textbullet\ }

We have just set \verb|\EveryJumpingPar| to contain \verb*|\textbullet\ |.  Now 
we start another \texttt{JumpingParagraphs} environment.

\begin{JumpingParagraphs}
    $X$~misses something.
    \Jump What is $X$ missing?

    This sentence misses~$X$.
    \Jump What is missing?

    This sentence $X$ something.
    \Jump What is missing?
\end{JumpingParagraphs}

That's all, folks!

\end{document}

第三次（和第四次）近似

\par第二个近似值无法正确处理输入中出现多个标记的情况，因为这可能是由额外的空行引起的。第三个近似值通过求助于\everypar触发\@JP@start@paragraph宏来纠正此缺陷，并且还添加了\EveryJump标记寄存器：

\documentclass[a4paper]{article}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{lipsum}
\usepackage{color}

\definecolor{subdued}{gray}{.75}

\makeatletter

\def\do#1{\@ifdefinable #1{\newdimen #1}}
% the above is because \newlength allocates a \skip
\do\JumpIndentation
\do\@JP@normal@indent
\do\@JP@prevpardepth

% To allow customization:
\def\do#1{\@ifdefinable #1{\newtoks #1#1{}}}
\do\EveryJumpingPar
\do\EveryJump

\@ifdefinable\@JP@saved@par{} % just check that the name can be used
\@ifdefinable\@JP@next{}
\newenvironment*{JumpingParagraphs}{%
    \everypar{\@JP@start@paragraph}%
}{%
    \par
}
\newcommand*\@JP@start@paragraph{%
    \@JP@normal@indent \parindent
    \let\@JP@saved@par\par
    \setbox\z@ \lastbox % get indentation box
    \@@par % return to vertical mode with an empty paragraph
    \ifvoid\z@
        \let \@JP@next \noindent
    \else
        \let \@JP@next \indent
    \fi
    \@JP@par@open\@JP@next\@JP@normal@indent{\the\EveryJumpingPar}%
}
\newcommand*\@JP@par@open[3]{%
    % #1 <- either "\indent" or "\noindent"
    % #2 <- indentation amount
    % #3 <- tokens to insert at the beginning of the paragraph
    \@JP@prevpardepth \prevdepth
    \setbox\z@ \vbox\bgroup
        \color@begingroup % not sure it's really necessary
        \parfillskip \@flushglue
        \everypar{}%
        \let\par\@JP@par@close
        \prevdepth \@JP@prevpardepth
        {\parindent #2#1#3}%
        \ignorespaces
}
\newcommand*\@JP@par@close{%
        \@JP@saved@par
        \global \dimen@i \prevdepth
        \color@endgroup
    \egroup
    \unvcopy\z@
    \prevdepth \dimen@i % for the moment
}
\newcommand*\Jump{%
    \@JP@par@close
    \setbox\z@ \vbox{%
        \unvbox\z@
        \setbox\z@ \lastbox % note that "\indent\par" yields at least one box
        \global \setbox\@ne \hbox{\unhbox\z@}%
        \global \skip\@ne \lastskip % should be -- finger crossed! -- the 
                                    % interline glue above the last box
        \unskip \unpenalty % remove interline glue and widow penalty
        \setbox\z@ \lastbox % if non-void, assume it is penultimate line
        \global \dimen@i \ifvoid\z@
            \@JP@prevpardepth
        \else
            \dp\z@
        \fi
    }%
    \ifdim \wd\@ne<\JumpIndentation
        % backspace vertically by one line
        % Note: no "\parskip" glue is added in internal vertical mode when the
        %       current list is empty, so we don't need to compensate for it!
        \skip@ \skip\@ne
        \advance \skip@ \ht\@ne
        \advance \skip@ \dp\@ne
        \vskip -\skip@
        \prevdepth \dimen@i
        \dimen@   \ht\@ne
        \dimen@ii \dp\@ne
    \else
        \prevdepth \dp\@ne
        \dimen@   \z@
        \dimen@ii \z@
    \fi
    \@JP@par@open\indent\JumpIndentation{%
        % It was trivial to fix this one!
        \vrule \@width\z@ \@height\dimen@ \@depth\dimen@ii \relax
        % Now "\relax" is no longer necessary, actually.
        \the\EveryJump
    }%
}

\makeatother

\setlength{\JumpIndentation}{.57\textwidth} % set as desired



\begin{document}

Let's begin with an ordinary paragraph.

\lipsum[1]

\begin{JumpingParagraphs}

% Empty lines are now allowed here.

Now a ``jumping paragraph''.
\lipsum*[1]\Jump\lipsum*[2]
\Jump Regrettably,\hfil\verb|Overfull \hbox|'es might occur: this is almost
inevitable, given the fact that a line containing a ``jump'' places a double
constraint on the choice of the breakpoints.

% Multiple blank lines in the input are now handled correctly:


Another ordinary (\emph{i.e.}, ``non-jumping'') paragraph in between, consisting
of at least two lines of text.  Note that it occurs \emph{within} a 
\texttt{JumpingParagraphs} environment.

Note that all ``jump'' positions\Jump are vertically aligned, as required.

If the horizontal position to jump to has already been passed,\Jump the
\verb|\Jump| commands jumps to the next line, as required too.

Let's try, this time, to get aaaaalmost to\Jump the point!  Now we try again, 
with just one more~``a''.

Let's try, this time, to get aaaaaalmost to\Jump the point!  Are you satisfied?

\EveryJumpingPar = {\textbullet\ }

Moreover, you can use the token register \verb|\EveryJumpingPar| to customize 
the appearance of\Jump your ``jumping paragraphs''.

\EveryJump = {\textasteriskcentered\ }

In the same way, the \verb|\EveryJump| tokens\Jump are inserted each time a
\verb|\Jump| command\Jump is executed, as it is exemplified by this same\Jump
paragraph.

These token registers can now also be set inside the \texttt{JumpingParagraphs}
environment itself.

\EveryJumpingPar = {}
\EveryJump = {}

The \verb|\Jump| command can also be used\Jump several times\Jump within a
single paragraph.  And in-line mathematics (say, \( y=\sin(x) \)) may\Jump
occur, too.  As it is quite obvious, you can both jump \emph{to} math\Jump\(
y=\frac{1}{x} \), and \emph{from} math (the last equation is better
written as \( y=1/x \),\Jump isn't it?).  It is also possible to use unusually
high formulas, as in \( \displaystyle
\biggl(\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{y}\biggr)\biggl(\frac{1}{x}-\frac{1}{y}\biggr) \),
and, even in case of a\Jump jump, the spacing will be correct!

And now, also \( \displaystyle \frac{x}{y}+\frac{y}{x}=\frac{x^{2}+y^{2}}{xy} \)
\rlap{\color{subdued}sminnief}\Jump functions with absolute perfection: line
spacing is correct both for the first half of the line and for the second one.
On the other hand,\Jump \( \displaystyle
\frac{x}{y}+\frac{y}{x}=\frac{x^{2}+y^{2}}{xy} \) works in a less satisfactory
way, as you can see.  You should keep in mind this limitation.

\textbf{Main limitation:} a \texttt{JumpingParagraphs} environment cannot
contain \emph{anything} but ordinary paragraphs.

\noindent Note that \verb|\noindent| commands\Jump \emph{are} honored: indeed,
this has now been corrected (in an update).

\begingroup

\setlength{\parindent}{4em}

Also, \verb|\parindent| may now vary\Jump from one paragraph\Jump to another:
I~had completely overlooked this in the previous versions!

Another paragraph with the same\Jump different indentation.

\endgroup

Back to previous indentation,\Jump with a jump.

One last paragraph without jumps.

% Empty lines are now allowed here.

\end{JumpingParagraphs}

This paragraph is outside the \texttt{JumpingParagraphs} environment.  Note 
that line spacing is correct.

\bigbreak

\newcounter{sentence}
\renewcommand*{\thesentence}{{\normalfont (\textit{\alph{sentence}})}}
\EveryJumpingPar = {\refstepcounter{sentence}\llap{\thesentence\ }}
\EveryJump = {\textbullet\ }

We have just set \verb|\EveryJumpingPar| to contain a numbered label, which is
automatically stepped, and \verb|\EveryJump| to contain \verb*|\textbullet\ |.
Now we start another \texttt{JumpingParagraphs} environment.

\begin{JumpingParagraphs}
    \setlength{\parskip}{\medskipamount}

    $X$~misses something.
    \Jump What is $X$ missing?

    This sentence misses~$X$.
    \Jump What is missing?

    This sentence $X$ something.
    \Jump What is missing?

    Now, get close to the jump destination...
    \Jump to be sure that the baselines are lined up properly.
\end{JumpingParagraphs}

That's all, folks!

\end{document}

这次我也将显示输出：

采用的解决方案zref-savepos确实比这更灵活；但是，我认为展示如何完全使用好的“纯 TeX 风格”方法实现目标可能会很有趣：不依赖于当时\pdfsavepos操作的和相关原语\shipout，不需要两遍编译，只需要使用盒子和胶水就可以了。

我必须坦白地承认，这个问题有抓住我了！我正在反复完善我的答案，最后我可能会发布一个完整的答案……

Question 4

对于段落的情况，我找到了一种使用\parbox跳过其文本的解决方案。我不知道这是否\hbox是一个更好的想法。这解决了跳转发生在段落第一行的情况。

\newlength{\jumplength}
\setlength{\jumplength}{20em} % adjust manually
\newcommand{\jumping}[1]{\parbox[l]{\jumplength}{#1}}

\jumping{This paragraph horizontally jumps}\textbullet\ at some point
for some reason. The rest of the text can span other the next lines.

\jumping{This paragraph wants its jump to land}\textbullet\ exactly at  
the same absolute horizontal position as the jump from the above paragraph.

\jumping{~}\textbullet\ jumping directly to the point is also an option.

为了准确起见，Heiko 的第二个答案应该是

\settowidth{\LeftPartLength}{%
My friends invited X to the party.%
}

完全符合我的需要，但结果略有不同：

Answer

对于段落的情况，我找到了一种使用\parbox跳过其文本的解决方案。我不知道这是否\hbox是一个更好的想法。这解决了跳转发生在段落第一行的情况。

\newlength{\jumplength}
\setlength{\jumplength}{20em} % adjust manually
\newcommand{\jumping}[1]{\parbox[l]{\jumplength}{#1}}

\jumping{This paragraph horizontally jumps}\textbullet\ at some point
for some reason. The rest of the text can span other the next lines.

\jumping{This paragraph wants its jump to land}\textbullet\ exactly at  
the same absolute horizontal position as the jump from the above paragraph.

\jumping{~}\textbullet\ jumping directly to the point is also an option.

为了准确起见，Heiko 的第二个答案应该是

\settowidth{\LeftPartLength}{%
My friends invited X to the party.%
}

完全符合我的需要，但结果略有不同：

第一次近似

答案1

修复了左侧空格的版本

答案2

编辑

答案3

第一次近似

第二次近似

第三次（和第四次）近似

答案4

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