使用 texlive 2017（与 texlive 2019 相同），当我尝试运行以下最小 tex 文件（希伯来字体是https://www.sbl-site.org/educational/biblicalfonts.aspx；默认字体是 Adobe 的 Minion Pro)：
\documentclass{book}
\usepackage[main=english,hebrew]{babel}
\usepackage{fontspec}
\babelfont{rm}{fonts/Minion/MinionPro-Regular.otf}
\babelfont[hebrew]{rm}{fonts/SBL/SBL_Hbrw.ttf}
\begin{document}
The instrument \textit{tōp} (\foreignlanguage{hebrew}{תֹּף}) is not a timbrel with jingles, unknown in Israel until the Hellenistic period.
\end{document}
和
lualatex --interaction=nonstopmode test.tex > output.log
我得到以下输出：
This is LuaTeX, Version 1.0.4 (TeX Live 2017)
restricted system commands enabled.
(./test.tex
LaTeX2e <2017-04-15>
(using write cache: /home/lupino/.texlive2017/texmf-var/luatex-cache/generic)(u
sing read cache: /usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-var/luatex-cache/generic /home/l
upino/.texlive2017/texmf-var/luatex-cache/generic)
luaotfload | main : initialization completed in 0.164 seconds
Babel <3.11> and hyphenation patterns for 1 language(s) loaded.
(/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/book.cls
Document Class: book 2014/09/29 v1.4h Standard LaTeX document class
(/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/bk10.clo(load luc: /home/lup
ino/.texlive2017/texmf-var/luatex-cache/generic/fonts/otl/lmroman10-regular.luc
))) (/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/tex/generic/babel/babel.sty
(/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/tex/generic/babel/switch.def)
(/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/tex/generic/babel/luababel.def)
(/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/tex/generic/babel-hebrew/rlbabel.def
To avoid this error message,
run TeX--XeT or e-TeX engine instead of regular TeX.
! Right-to-Left Support Error: use TeX--XeT or e-TeX engine.
l.63 engine}
%
) (/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/tex/generic/babel-hebrew/hebrew.ldf
(/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/tex/generic/babel/babel.def
(/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/tex/generic/babel/switch.def)
(/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/tex/generic/babel/luababel.def))
Package babel Warning: No hyphenation patterns were preloaded for
(babel) the language `Hebrew' into the format.
(babel) Please, configure your TeX system to add them and
(babel) rebuild the format. Now I will use the patterns
(babel) preloaded for \language=0 instead on input line 57.
) (/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/tex/generic/babel-english/english.ldf))
(/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/tex/generic/babel-hebrew/lheenc.def)
(/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/inputenc.sty
! Package inputenc Error: inputenc is not designed for xetex or luatex.
(inputenc) only UTF-8 supported.
See the inputenc package documentation for explanation.
Type H <return> for immediate help.
...
l.158 \endinput
) (/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/tex/latex/fontspec/fontspec.sty
(/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/tex/latex/l3kernel/expl3.sty
(/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/tex/latex/l3kernel/expl3-code.tex)
(/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/tex/latex/l3kernel/l3pdfmode.def))
(/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/tex/latex/l3packages/xparse/xparse.sty)
(/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/tex/latex/fontspec/fontspec-luatex.sty
(/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/fontenc.sty
(/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/tuenc.def)
LaTeX Font Warning: Font shape `TU/cmr/m/n' undefined
(Font) using `TU/lmr/m/n' instead on input line 105.
) (/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/tex/latex/fontspec/fontspec.cfg)(load luc
: /home/lupino/.texlive2017/texmf-var/luatex-cache/generic/fonts/otl/lmroman10-
bold.luc)(load luc: /home/lupino/.texlive2017/texmf-var/luatex-cache/generic/fo
nts/otl/lmroman10-italic.luc)))
! Undefined control sequence.
<recently read> \babelfont
l.4 \babelfont
{rm}{fonts/Minion/MinionPro-Regular.otf}
! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}.
See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation.
Type H <return> for immediate help.
...
l.4 \babelfont{r
m}{fonts/Minion/MinionPro-Regular.otf}
! Undefined control sequence.
l.5 \babelfont
[hebrew]{rm}{fonts/SBL/SBL_Hbrw.ttf}
! Missing $ inserted.
<inserted text>
$
l.5 \babelfont[hebrew]{rm}{fonts/SBL/SBL_
Hbrw.ttf}
! Extra }, or forgotten $.
l.5 \babelfont[hebrew]{rm}{fonts/SBL/SBL_Hbrw.ttf}
! Missing $ inserted.
<inserted text>
$
l.6
Overfull \hbox (3.15625pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 4--6
[]\TU/cmr/m/n/10 rm-fonts/Min-ion/MinionPro-Regular.otf [hebrew]rmfonts/SBL/SBL
$[][]\OML/cmm/m/it/10 brw:ttf$
(./test.aux)
(/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/tex/generic/babel-hebrew/lhecmr.fd)
LaTeX Font Warning: Font shape `LHE/lmr/m/n' undefined
(Font) using `LHE/cmr/m/n' instead on input line 8.
luaotfload | db : Reload initiated (formats: otf,ttf,ttc); reason: "Font jerus10 not found.".
luaotfload | resolve : sequence of 3 lookups yielded nothing appropriate.
! Font \LHE/cmr/m/n/10=jerus10 at 10pt not loadable: metric data not found or b
ad.
<to be read again>
relax
l.8 ...tit{tōp} (\foreignlanguage{hebrew}{תֹּף}
) is not a timbrel with ji...
! Undefined control sequence.
\extrashebrew ... \ifhmode \ifinner \else \beginR
\fi \fi \let \saved@alph =...
l.8 ...tit{tōp} (\foreignlanguage{hebrew}{תֹּף}
) is not a timbrel with ji...
(load luc: /home/lupino/.texlive2017/texmf-var/luatex-cache/generic/fonts/otl/l
mromanslant10-regular.luc)
! Undefined control sequence.
\@@number #1->\ifmmode \else \beginL
\fi #1\ifmmode \else \endL \fi
l.9 \end{document}
! Undefined control sequence.
\@@number ...e \beginL \fi #1\ifmmode \else \endL
\fi
l.9 \end{document}
[1{/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-var/fonts/map/pdftex/updmap/pdftex.map}]
(./test.aux)
LaTeX Font Warning: Some font shapes were not available, defaults substituted.
)
(\end occurred inside a group at level 1)
### simple group (level 1) entered at line 5 ({)
### bottom level
(see the transcript file for additional information)
442 words of node memory still in use:
4 hlist, 1 vlist, 2 rule, 2 glue, 5 attribute, 56 glue_spec, 5 attribute_lis
t, 1 write nodes
avail lists: 2:47,3:9,4:2,5:33,6:170,7:34,8:8,9:11,10:1,11:13
</usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/fonts/opentype/public/lm/lmroman10-italic.o
tf></usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/fonts/opentype/public/lm/lmroman10-regul
ar.otf></usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/amsfonts/cm/cmmi1
0.pfb></usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/amsfonts/cm/cmmi7.
pfb>
Output written on test.pdf (1 page, 23585 bytes).
Transcript written on test.log.
这里的其他答案建议使用bidi=basic作为选项，\usepackage{babel}但这给了我
! Package babel Error: Bad option `bidi=basic'. Either you have misspelled the
(babel) key or there is a previous setting of `bidi'.
See the babel package documentation for explanation.
Type H <return> for immediate help.
...
l.272 \ProcessOptions*
?
有人知道这里发生了什么吗？据我了解，当我使用 lualatex 时，我永远不应该到达 rlbabel.def 文件，因为在某处有一个开关可以在 lua-xe- 和常规 tex 之间进行选择。
不幸的是，由于独立的原因，切换 texlive 版本和切换渲染引擎（远离 lualatex）都不是一个选择。
答案1
您的示例需要看起来像这样（如果您的字体安装正常）：
\documentclass{book}
\usepackage[english,bidi=basic]{babel}
\babelprovide[import=he]{hebrew}
\babelfont{rm}{MinionPro}
\babelfont[hebrew]{rm}[Contextuals=Alternate]{SBL Hebrew}
\begin{document}
The instrument \textit{tōp} (\foreignlanguage{hebrew}{תֹּף}) is not a timbrel with jingles, unknown in Israel until the Hellenistic period.
\end{document}
