与点对齐，而不是空白处

Question 1

您应该使用表格。下面，我使用了{tabularx}同名包中的表格。

虚线是用命令插入的\dotfill。

\documentclass[a4paper]{report}
\usepackage{bm,bbm}
\usepackage{amsthm}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{tabularx}
\usepackage{lipsum}  % for dummy text
\begin{document}

\lipsum[1]

\bigskip
\noindent
\begin{tabularx}{\linewidth}{>{$}l<{$\enspace\dotfill}>{\raggedright\arraybackslash}X}
    a & Allele\\
    m \in \{1,..., M\}& Marker\\
    k \in \{1,..., K\}& Contributor\\
    g_{m,k} = (g_{m,k,1},g_{m,k,2})& Genotype of contributor $k$ at marker $m$, consisting of two alleles\\
    \textbf{g}_{m} = (g_{m,1},...,g_{m,K})& Set of genotypes for all $K$ contributors \\
    \textbf{A}_m & All alleles at marker $m$ observed in database plus new alleles discovered
    when individuals are added\\
    \textbf{Y}_m & Observed peak heights of the alleles in $\textbf{A}_m$\\
     Y_{m,a} & Observed peak height of allele $a$ at marker $m$\\
     Y_{m,a,k} & Peak height contribution of contributor $k$ to~$Y_{m,a}$\\
     \mathbb{Q}_m = \{(a,b): a,b\in \textbf{A}_m\} & The set of all possible genotypes at marker $m$\\
    \pi_k & Mixture proportion: proportion of total DNA added by contributor $k$\\
    \bm{\pi} = (\pi_1, ..., \pi_K)& Set of mixture proportions for all $K$ contributors
    such that $\sum_{k=1}^K \pi_k =1$ \\
    p_a & Population allele frequency of allele $a$
\end{tabularx}
\end{document}

如果希望不同线的点完美对齐，请替换\dotfill为\leaders\hbox to 1mm{\hss.\hss}\hfill：

\documentclass[a4paper]{report}
\usepackage{bm,bbm}
\usepackage{amsthm}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{tabularx}
\usepackage{lipsum}  % for dummy text
\begin{document}

\lipsum[1]

\bigskip
\noindent
\begin{tabularx}{\linewidth}{>{$}l<{\enspace$\leaders\hbox to 1mm{\hss.\hss}\hfill}>{\raggedright\arraybackslash}X}
    a & Allele\\
    m \in \{1,..., M\}& Marker\\
    k \in \{1,..., K\}& Contributor\\
    g_{m,k} = (g_{m,k,1},g_{m,k,2})& Genotype of contributor $k$ at marker $m$, consisting of two alleles\\
    \textbf{g}_{m} = (g_{m,1},...,g_{m,K})& Set of genotypes for all $K$ contributors \\
    \textbf{A}_m & All alleles at marker $m$ observed in database plus new alleles discovered
    when individuals are added\\
    \textbf{Y}_m & Observed peak heights of the alleles in $\textbf{A}_m$\\
     Y_{m,a} & Observed peak height of allele $a$ at marker $m$\\
     Y_{m,a,k} & Peak height contribution of contributor $k$ to~$Y_{m,a}$\\
     \mathbb{Q}_m = \{(a,b): a,b\in \textbf{A}_m\} & The set of all possible genotypes at marker $m$\\
    \pi_k & Mixture proportion: proportion of total DNA added by contributor $k$\\
    \bm{\pi} = (\pi_1, ..., \pi_K)& Set of mixture proportions for all $K$ contributors
    such that $\sum_{k=1}^K \pi_k =1$ \\
    p_a & Population allele frequency of allele $a$
\end{tabularx}
\end{document}

Answer

您应该使用表格。下面，我使用了{tabularx}同名包中的表格。

虚线是用命令插入的\dotfill。

\documentclass[a4paper]{report}
\usepackage{bm,bbm}
\usepackage{amsthm}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{tabularx}
\usepackage{lipsum}  % for dummy text
\begin{document}

\lipsum[1]

\bigskip
\noindent
\begin{tabularx}{\linewidth}{>{$}l<{$\enspace\dotfill}>{\raggedright\arraybackslash}X}
    a & Allele\\
    m \in \{1,..., M\}& Marker\\
    k \in \{1,..., K\}& Contributor\\
    g_{m,k} = (g_{m,k,1},g_{m,k,2})& Genotype of contributor $k$ at marker $m$, consisting of two alleles\\
    \textbf{g}_{m} = (g_{m,1},...,g_{m,K})& Set of genotypes for all $K$ contributors \\
    \textbf{A}_m & All alleles at marker $m$ observed in database plus new alleles discovered
    when individuals are added\\
    \textbf{Y}_m & Observed peak heights of the alleles in $\textbf{A}_m$\\
     Y_{m,a} & Observed peak height of allele $a$ at marker $m$\\
     Y_{m,a,k} & Peak height contribution of contributor $k$ to~$Y_{m,a}$\\
     \mathbb{Q}_m = \{(a,b): a,b\in \textbf{A}_m\} & The set of all possible genotypes at marker $m$\\
    \pi_k & Mixture proportion: proportion of total DNA added by contributor $k$\\
    \bm{\pi} = (\pi_1, ..., \pi_K)& Set of mixture proportions for all $K$ contributors
    such that $\sum_{k=1}^K \pi_k =1$ \\
    p_a & Population allele frequency of allele $a$
\end{tabularx}
\end{document}

如果希望不同线的点完美对齐，请替换\dotfill为\leaders\hbox to 1mm{\hss.\hss}\hfill：

\documentclass[a4paper]{report}
\usepackage{bm,bbm}
\usepackage{amsthm}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{tabularx}
\usepackage{lipsum}  % for dummy text
\begin{document}

\lipsum[1]

\bigskip
\noindent
\begin{tabularx}{\linewidth}{>{$}l<{\enspace$\leaders\hbox to 1mm{\hss.\hss}\hfill}>{\raggedright\arraybackslash}X}
    a & Allele\\
    m \in \{1,..., M\}& Marker\\
    k \in \{1,..., K\}& Contributor\\
    g_{m,k} = (g_{m,k,1},g_{m,k,2})& Genotype of contributor $k$ at marker $m$, consisting of two alleles\\
    \textbf{g}_{m} = (g_{m,1},...,g_{m,K})& Set of genotypes for all $K$ contributors \\
    \textbf{A}_m & All alleles at marker $m$ observed in database plus new alleles discovered
    when individuals are added\\
    \textbf{Y}_m & Observed peak heights of the alleles in $\textbf{A}_m$\\
     Y_{m,a} & Observed peak height of allele $a$ at marker $m$\\
     Y_{m,a,k} & Peak height contribution of contributor $k$ to~$Y_{m,a}$\\
     \mathbb{Q}_m = \{(a,b): a,b\in \textbf{A}_m\} & The set of all possible genotypes at marker $m$\\
    \pi_k & Mixture proportion: proportion of total DNA added by contributor $k$\\
    \bm{\pi} = (\pi_1, ..., \pi_K)& Set of mixture proportions for all $K$ contributors
    such that $\sum_{k=1}^K \pi_k =1$ \\
    p_a & Population allele frequency of allele $a$
\end{tabularx}
\end{document}

Question 2

align绝对不是适合此目的的工具。

我建议采用一种与表格不同的方法，允许分页。

每个条目都通过带有两个参数的命令输入\entry；第一个参数以数学模式排版，\symbolswd宽度为一个框；第二个参数以悬挂段落排版，用点引号填充空间。

\symbolswd计算每个条目的长度并将最终值保存在文件中，.aux因此在下次运行时所有条目的宽度将相同（如果宽度不同则会发出警告）。

\symbolswd当环境结束时的值与开始时的值不同时，会发出警告。在这种情况下，重新运行将解决问题。

\documentclass[a4paper]{report}
\usepackage{bm,bbm}
\usepackage{amsthm}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amssymb}

\makeatletter
\newlength{\symbolswd}
\newenvironment{symbols}
 {%
  \chapter*{Symbols}
  \setlength{\parindent}{0pt}%
  \edef\current@symbolswd{\the\symbolswd}%
  \sloppy
  \interlinepenalty=10000 % no page break in a two line entry
 }
 {%
  \ifdim\current@symbolswd=\symbolswd
  \else
    \@latex@warning@no@line{Rerun to get list of symbols right}%
  \fi
  \immediate\write\@auxout{\global\symbolswd=\the\symbolswd}%
 }
\newcommand{\entry}[2]{%
  \par\addvspace{\smallskipamount}
  \sbox\z@{$#1$\qquad}%
  \ifdim\wd\z@<\symbolswd \setlength{\symbolswd}{\wd\z@}\fi
  \hangindent=\symbolswd
  \makebox[\symbolswd][s]{$#1$\leaders\hbox to 4pt{\hss.\hss}\hfill}%
  #2\par
}
\makeatother

\begin{document}

\begin{symbols}
\entry{a}{Allele}

\entry{m \in \{1,\dots, M\}}{Marker}

\entry{k \in \{1,\dots, K\}}{Contributor}

\entry{g_{m,k} = (g_{m,k,1},g_{m,k,2})}{Genotype of contributor $k$ 
  at marker $m$, consisting of two alleles}

\entry{g_{m} = (g_{m,1},\dots,g_{m,K})}{Set of genotypes for all $K$ contributors}

\entry{\mathbf{A}_m}{All alleles at marker $m$ observed in database
  plus new alleles discovered when individuals are added}

\entry{\mathbf{Y}_m}{Observed peak heights of the alleles in $\mathbf{A}_m$}

\entry{Y_{m,a}}{Observed peak height of allele $a$ at marker $m$}

\entry{Y_{m,a,k}}{Peak height contribution of contributor $k$ to $Y_{m,a}$}

\entry{\mathbb{Q}_m = \{(a,b): a,b\in \mathbf{A}_m\}}{The set of all possible 
  genotypes at marker $m$}

\entry{\pi_k}{Mixture proportion: proportion of total DNA added by contributor $k$}

\entry{\bm{\pi} = (\pi_1,\dots,\pi_K)}{Set of mixture proportions for all $K$ contributors
  such that $\sum_{k=1}^K \pi_k =1$}

\entry{p_a}{Population allele frequency of allele $a$}
\end{symbols}

\end{document}

Answer