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修复 Tikz 中的箭头和刻度标记

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修复 Tikz 中的箭头和刻度标记

如何修复下面的箭头和刻度标记（年份）以使其看起来好看。此外，如何从条形图添加线到下面的年份数字，如附图所示。

这是我的结果。

在此处输入图片描述

这是我的代码

\documentclass[a4paper,12pt,titlepage,twoside,final,openany]{book}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta} % Arrows library
\usepackage[pdftex,a4paper=true,pagebackref=false]{hyperref} % with basic options
\usepackage[left=2cm,right=2cm,top=2cm,bottom=4.5cm]{geometry}% Redefine the page margins 


\begin{document}
    \begin{tikzpicture}[x=\textwidth/47] % Adjusted scale
        % Draw the horizontal line with an arrow at the end, extending beyond 2040
        \draw[thick, -{Triangle[length=3mm, width=2mm]}] (0,0) -- (47,0); % Extend line beyond 2040
        
        % Draw tick marks and label for each year from 1994 to 2040
        \foreach \year in {1994,1995,...,2040} {
            \pgfmathsetmacro{\xpos}{\year-1994}
            \draw (\xpos,0.25) -- (\xpos,-0.25) node[below] {\tiny \year};
        }
        
        
        % Additional gradient bar from 2016 to 2040
        \shade[left color=green, right color=red, middle color=yellow] (22,2.6) rectangle (46,3.0);
        % Add text inside the additional colored bar
        \node[text=black] at (36,2.8) {20neo};
        % Red dashed arrow starting at the end of the "A330-900" gradient bar
        \draw[dashed, ->, >=latex, line width=0.2cm, draw=red] (46.2,2.8) -- (47.2,2.8);
        
        
        % Gradient bar from 2020 to 2040
        \shade[left color=green, right color=red, middle color=yellow] (26,2) rectangle (46,2.4);
        % Add text inside the additional colored bar
        \node[text=black] at (36,2.2) {800};
        % Red dashed arrow starting at the end of the "A330-800" gradient bar
        \draw[dashed, ->, >=latex, line width=0.2cm, draw=red] (46.2,2.2) -- (47.2,2.2);
        
        
        % Gradient bar from 2018 to 2040
        \shade[left color=green, right color=red, middle color=yellow] (24,1.4) rectangle (46,1.8);
        % Add text inside the new colored bar
        \node[text=black] at (35,1.6) {900};
        % Red dashed arrow starting at the end of the "A330-900" gradient bar
        \draw[dashed, ->, >=latex, line width=0.2cm, draw=red] (46.2,1.6) -- (47.2,1.6);
        
        
        % Draw colored bar (red) from 1998 to 2019 for A330-200
        \fill[red] (4,0.8) rectangle (25,1.2);
        % Add text inside the red colored bar
        \node[text=white] at (14.5,1.0) {200};
        % Draw a dashed line at the level and height of the red colored bar from 2019 to 2039
        \draw[dashed, red, line width=0.4cm] (25,1.0) -- (45,1.0); % Line from 2019 to 2039
        
        
        % Draw a blue colored bar from 1994 to 2020 above the horizontal line
        \fill[blue] (0,0.3) rectangle (26,0.7);
        % Add text inside the blue colored bar
        \node[text=white] at (13,0.5) {300};
        % Draw a dashed blue line from 2020 to 2040 at the level and height of the first colored bar
        \draw[dashed, blue, line width=0.4cm] (26,0.5) -- (46,0.5); % Line up to 2040
        
        
    \end{tikzpicture}
    
\end{document}

答案1

如果您想绘制多个图表，我建议使用几个键来删除许多硬编码的值和计算。

该year函数可用于从年份数字中减去值 2000。PGFMath 函数评估末端尖端规范的缩短量，以更改阴影矩形的结束位置。

放置条形的两个循环都是一条路径，以便可以marker在背景中绘制。

代码

\documentclass[tikz]{standalone}
\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta}
\makeatletter
\pgfmathdeclarefunction{arrowlengthend}{0}{%
  \begingroup\nullfont
    \pgf@arrow@compute@shortening\pgf@end@tip@sequence
    \pgfmath@returnone\pgf@xa\endgroup}
\makeatother
\tikzset{
  outer sep=auto,
  reset row counter/.code=\setcounter{tikzrowcounter}{0},
  increment row/.code=\stepcounter{tikzrowcounter}%
                      \tikzset{shift=(up:\value{tikzrowcounter})},
  edges/.style={every edge/.append style={#1}},
  rect to/.style={to path=rectangle(\tikztotarget)\tikztonodes}}
\newcounter{tikzrowcounter}
\tikzset{
  bar height/.initial=4mm,         % controls the height of the bars
  bar/.style={line width=\pgfkeysvalueof{/tikz/bar height}},
  bar arrow rect/.style={
    draw=none, left color=green, right color=red, middle color=yellow, rect to},
  bar arrow style/.style={
    nodes=black, bar, -{Latex[red, length=+0pt +2, width=+0pt +1.4]}},
  bar dashy/.style={dashed, dash phase=3pt},
  bar marker style/.style={arrows=-{Latex[round]}, thick, purple, line to},
  %
  bar with dash/.style args={#1-#2-#3:#4}{
    edges=bar, nodes=white,
    insert path={
      (year #1, 0) edge[line to]   node{#4} (year #2, 0)
      (year #2, 0) edge[line to, bar dashy] (year #3, 0)
      [bar marker={#1}]}},
  bar with tip/.style args={#1-#2:#3}{
    bar arrow style, nodes=black,
    insert path={
      (year #1,-\pgfkeysvalueof{/tikz/bar height}/2) edge[bar arrow rect] node{#3}
      ([xshift=-arrowlengthend]year #2, \pgfkeysvalueof{/tikz/bar height}/2)
      (year #1,0) edge[line to, tips, path only] (year #2, 0)
      [bar marker={#1}]}},
  bar marker/.style={
    insert path={
      node[purple!50!black, rotate=90, above, scale=.6] at (year #1, 0) {#1}
      [behind path](year #1, -\pgfkeysvalueof{/tikz/bar height}/2) coordinate(@)
                    edge[bar marker style={#1}] (@|-start)}},
  %
  bar diagram/.style={
    y=6mm,             % controls the distance between rows
    declare function={year(\y)=\y-2000;},
    reset row counter}} % if you have more than one diagram
\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}[x=\textwidth/47, bar diagram]
\draw[thick, -{Triangle[length=3mm, width=2mm]}, shorten <=+-1mm, shorten >=+-4mm]
     (year 1994,0) coordinate (start) -- (year 2040,0);
\draw[thin, xstep=1, ystep=0] (year 1994, -1.00mm) grid (year 2040, 1.00mm);
\draw[thin, xstep=5, ystep=0] (year 1994, -2.00mm) grid (year 2040, 2.00mm);
\foreach \y in {1995, 2000, ..., 2040}
  \node[below] at (year \y, -2.5mm) {\y};

\path % one path allows us to easily place the marker in the background
      % see “behind path” in style “marker”
  foreach \c/\t in {blue/1994-2020-2040:300, red/1998-2019-2039:200}{
    [increment row, edges=\c, bar with dash/.expand once=\t]
  }
  foreach \t in {2018-2040:900, 2020-2040:800, 2016-2040:20neo}{
    [increment row, bar with tip/.expand once=\t]
  };
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

输出

在此处输入图片描述

答案2

  • 固定箭头，shorten >=-4pt

  • 下面的刻度标记（年份）看起来不错，我建议每 5 年标记一次

  • 从条形图添加线到年份数字，\draw

  • 为了提高可读性，你可以在 tikzset 中定义样式

  • 你也可以使用循环

  • 我没有简化最后的几栏......

     \documentclass[border=5mm]{standalone}
 \usepackage{tikz}
 \usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta} % Arrows library

 \begin{document}
 \tikzset{
     myarrow/.style = {thick,-{Triangle[length=3mm, width=2mm]},shorten <=-2pt-\pgflinewidth,},
     myshade/.style = {left color=green, right color=red, middle color=yellow},
     mytext/.style = {black},
     myBigarrow/.style = {->, >=latex, shorten >=-4pt,line width=0.2cm, draw=red},
     mymark/.style = {blue},
     }
 \begin{tikzpicture}[x=\textwidth/47] % Adjusted scale
     % Draw the horizontal line with an arrow at the end, extending beyond 2040
     \draw[myarrow] (0,0) -- (47.5,0); %<-- change in 47.5  Extend line beyond 2040

     % Draw tick marks and label for each year from 1994 to 2040
     \foreach \year in {1994,1995,...,2040} {
         \pgfmathsetmacro{\xpos}{\year-1994}
         \draw (\xpos,0.15) -- (\xpos,-0.15);
     }
     \foreach \year in {1995,2000,...,2040} {
         \pgfmathsetmacro{\xpos}{\year-1994}
         \draw [thick](\xpos,0.25) -- (\xpos,-0.25) node[below] {\tiny \year};
     }

     % Additional gradient bar from 2016 to 2040
     \foreach \x/\y/\lib in {22/2.6/20neo,24/1.4/800,26/2/900}%
         {
             \shade[myshade] (\x,\y) rectangle (45.4,\y+0.4) node[midway]{\lib};
             \draw[myBigarrow] (46.2,\y+0.2) -- +(1,0);        
             \draw [mymark](\x,\y) -- (\x,0);
             }

     % Draw colored bar (red) from 1998 to 2019 for A330-200
     \fill[red] (4,0.8) rectangle (25,1.2);
     % Add text inside the red colored bar
     \node[text=white] at (14.5,1.0) {200};
     % Draw a dashed line at the level and height of the red colored bar from 2019 to 2039
     \draw[dashed, red, line width=0.4cm] (25,1.0) -- (45,1.0); % Line from 2019 to 2039


     % Draw a blue colored bar from 1994 to 2020 above the horizontal line
     \fill[blue] (0,0.3) rectangle (26,0.7);
     % Add text inside the blue colored bar
     \node[text=white] at (13,0.5) {300};
     % Draw a dashed blue line from 2020 to 2040 at the level and height of the first colored bar
     \draw[dashed, blue, line width=0.4cm] (26,0.5) -- (46,0.5); % Line up to 2040
 \end{tikzpicture}
 \end{document}

在此处输入图片描述

答案3

这是实现此目的的方法。一些备注：

  1. 我认为你不应该忘记包括transform shape。

  2. 我对 进行了一些重构grad，并添加了新样式ln，您可以在其中改变垂直线的外观。如果它们要覆盖其他条，则最后绘制它们。

  3. 我对轮换年份数字提出了建议。

  4. 阴影条看起来有点奇怪：可能有更好的方法。目前我只是将矩形尺寸缩小了 0.4 厘米，所以它在尖端开始之前就停止了。我建议重构与尖端相关的选项。

  5. 为了参考条形图的左侧，我记得它们的坐标，例如 \shade[grad] (22,2.6) coordinate (S1) ..。然后在后面使用它们。

  6. 最后，画出所有像这样的垂直线\draw[ln] (S1) -- +(0,-2.6);，你可以将其缩短成一个\foreach循环，它接受像（指示性的）这样的值 paisS1*-2.6

结果

\documentclass[a4paper,12pt,titlepage,twoside,final,openany]{book}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta} % Arrows library
\usepackage[pdftex,a4paper=true,pagebackref=false]{hyperref} % with basic options
\usepackage[left=2cm,right=2cm,top=2cm,bottom=4.5cm]{geometry}% Redefine the page margins 


\begin{document}
    % <<< don't forget transform shape ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    \begin{tikzpicture}[x=\textwidth/47,transform shape, % Adjusted scale
        % <<< some refactoring ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
        grad/.style={left color=green, right color=red, middle color=yellow},
        % <<< new ~~~~~~~~~~~~
        ln/.style={dashed,line width=3pt,teal},
    ]
        % Draw the horizontal line with an arrow at the end, extending beyond 2040
        \draw[thick, -{Triangle[length=3mm, width=2mm]}] (0,0) -- (47,0); % Extend line beyond 2040
        
        % Draw tick marks and label for each year from 1994 to 2040
        \foreach \year in {1994,1995,...,2040} {
            \pgfmathsetmacro{\xpos}{\year-1994}
            % <<< suggestion ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
            \draw (\xpos,0.25) -- (\xpos,-0.25) 
                                    node[anchor=east,rotate=90] {\tiny \year};
        }
        
        
        % Additional gradient bar from 2016 to 2040
        % <<< remember left coordinates ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
        \shade[grad] (22,2.6) coordinate (S1) rectangle (45.6,3.0);%<<< suggestion
        % Add text inside the additional colored bar
        \node[text=black] at (36,2.8) {20neo};
        % Red dashed arrow starting at the end of the "A330-900" gradient bar
       \draw[dashed, ->, >=latex, line width=0.2cm, draw=red] (46.2,2.8) -- (47.2,2.8);
        
        
        % Gradient bar from 2020 to 2040
        \shade[grad] (26,2) coordinate (S2) rectangle (46,2.4);
        % Add text inside the additional colored bar
        \node[text=black] at (36,2.2) {800};
        % Red dashed arrow starting at the end of the "A330-800" gradient bar
        \draw[dashed, ->, >=latex, line width=0.2cm, draw=red] (46.2,2.2) -- (47.2,2.2);
        
        
        % Gradient bar from 2018 to 2040
        \shade[grad] (24,1.4) coordinate (S3) rectangle (46,1.8);
        % Add text inside the new colored bar
        \node[text=black] at (35,1.6) {900};
        % Red dashed arrow starting at the end of the "A330-900" gradient bar
        \draw[dashed, ->, >=latex, line width=0.2cm, draw=red] (46.2,1.6) -- (47.2,1.6);
        
        
        % Draw colored bar (red) from 1998 to 2019 for A330-200
        \fill[red] (4,0.8) coordinate (B1) rectangle (25,1.2);
        % Add text inside the red colored bar
        \node[text=white] at (14.5,1.0) {200};
        % Draw a dashed line at the level and height of the red colored bar from 2019 to 2039
        \draw[dashed, red, line width=0.4cm] (25,1.0) -- (45,1.0); % Line from 2019 to 2039
        
        
        % Draw a blue colored bar from 1994 to 2020 above the horizontal line
        \fill[blue] (0,0.3) coordinate (B2) rectangle (26,0.7);
        % Add text inside the blue colored bar
        \node[text=white] at (13,0.5) {300};
        % Draw a dashed blue line from 2020 to 2040 at the level and height of the first colored bar
        \draw[dashed, blue, line width=0.4cm] (26,0.5) -- (46,0.5); % Line up to 2040

        % <<< lines; you could replace it by a foreach on value-pairs ~~~~
        \draw[ln] (S1) -- +(0,-2.6);
        \draw[ln] (S2) -- +(0,-2.0);
        \draw[ln] (S3) -- +(0,-1.4);
        \draw[ln] (B1) -- +(0,-0.8);
        \draw[ln] (B2) -- +(0,-0.3);
        
        
    \end{tikzpicture}
    
\end{document}

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