表尺寸变小

Question 1

您应该向我们展示带有表格的 MWE（最小工作示例），而不是代码片段。
表格格式对页面布局有很大的影响，特别是在表格看起来很大的情况下。
一种方法是考虑@Mico 注释并使用tabularray设计表的包、enumitem单元格列表的包、raged2e单元格文本格式化的包，方法是：

\documentclass[11pt]{book}  % which document class you use?
\usepackage[margin=25mm]{geometry}       % determine your document page layout

\usepackage{ragged2e}
\usepackage{tabularray}
\UseTblrLibrary{booktabs, siunitx, varwidth}
\usepackage{enumitem}
\AtBeginEnvironment{table}%
{\setlist[itemize]{nosep,
                   leftmargin=*}
}
\usepackage[skip=1ex]{caption}

\begin{document}
    \begin{table}[!htb]
\caption[Fabrication techniques of sensing materials and their attributes]{Common sensing materials fabrication techniques with their general benefits and limitations.}
\label{table1-1}
    \footnotesize
\begin{tblr}{colspec = {@{} Q[l, wd=7em] X[cmd=\RaggedRight] X[l] X[l] @{}},
             stretch = -1,
             rowsep = 3pt,
             measure = vbox,
             }
    \toprule
Method  &   Description 
            &   Benefits 
                &   Limitations         \\
    \midrule
\SetCell[c=4]{c, font=\bfseries}    Wet synthesis methods         
        &   &   &   \\
Sol-gel &   A chemical process that involves the transition of a solution to a gel for material preparation under mild condition. 
            &   \begin{itemize}
            \item   Controlled composition 
            \item   Good homogeneity 
            \item   Low processing temperature 
            \item   Versatility 
                \end{itemize}
                &   \begin{itemize}
                \item   Long processing time
                \item   Size reduction upon drying
                \item   Requires careful control of parameters
                \item   Often require post-synthesis treatments
                    \end{itemize}   
                    \\
Hydrothermal / solvothermal 
        & Uses high temperature and pressure in aqueous (hydrothermal) or non-aqueous solutions (solvothermal).
            &   \begin{itemize}
            \item   High purity 
            \item   Crystallinity control 
            \item   low to moderate temperatures 
            \item   Scalable 
                \end{itemize}
                &   \begin{itemize}
                \item   High pressure equipment 
                \item   Limited range of particle size 
                \item   Energy-intensive 
                \item   Time-consuming 
                     \end{itemize}
                    \\
Electrodeposition 
    & Electrochemical process for depositing a layer/coating of material by means of electric current. 
            &   \begin{itemize}
            \item   Cost-effective
            \item   Good control over thickness
            \item   an coat complex shapes
            \item   Uniform deposition
                \end{itemize}
                &   \begin{itemize}
                \item   Limited to conductive substrates
                \item   May require post-treatment
                \item   Thickness limitations
                \item   Environmental concerns 
                     \end{itemize}
                    \\
Coprecipitation 
    & Precipitation of a solid from a solution containing multiple ions under controlled aqueous solutions and environments. 
            &   \begin{itemize}
            \item   Simple process
            \item   Scalable
            \item   Low cost
            \item   Good control over composition 
                \end{itemize}
                &   \begin{itemize}
                \item   Requires washing and filtration
                \item   Agglomeration issues
                \item   Poor impurity control
                \item   Poor particle size control
                     \end{itemize}
                    \\
\SetCell[c=4]{c, font=\bfseries}   Dry synthesis methods
        &   &   &   \\
Atomic layer deposition 
        & Thin film deposition technique based on the sequential use of a gas phase. 
            &   \begin{itemize}
            \item   Excellent control over thickness
            \item   High uniformity
            \item   Good conformality
            \item   High-quality films 
                \end{itemize}
                &   \begin{itemize}
                \item   Slow deposition rate
                \item   Limited to certain materials
                \item   Expensive equipment
                \item   Temperature sensitivity
                     \end{itemize}
                    \\
Sputtering 
        & Physical vapor deposition technique for thin film creation using suitable energy of a plasma. 
            &   \begin{itemize}
            \item   Versatile materials
            \item   Good adhesion
            \item   Scalable
            \item   Uniform thickness
            \item   Good control of film thickness 
                \end{itemize}
                &   \begin{itemize}
                \item   Costly equipment
                \item   May require high vacuum
                \item   Limited substrate size
                \item   Limit of precursor penetration depth 
                     \end{itemize}
                    \\
Chemical vapor deposition 
        & Depositing solid material from a vapor by a chemical reaction under controlled atmospheres. 
            &   \begin{itemize}
            \item   High purity and quality
            \item   Direct electrode assembly
            \item   Scalable
            \item   Wide material choice 
                \end{itemize}
                &   \begin{itemize}
                \item   High temperatures
            \item   Complex equipment
            \item   Safety concerns with gases
            \item   Uniformity challenges
            \item   Low production rate 
                     \end{itemize}
                    \\
Spray pyrolysis
        & Atomization of a precursor solution into droplets, followed by the evaporation of solvents and decomposition of the metal source in a heated reactor to generate particles. 
            &   \begin{itemize}
            \item    Simple setup
            \item   Cost-effective
            \item   Versatile materials
            \item   Large area deposition 
                \end{itemize}
                &   \begin{itemize}
                \item   Poor particle size control
                \item   Requires heat/high-temperature management
                \item   May produce rough surfaces
                \item   Limited film thickness
                     \end{itemize}
                    \\
Flame spray pyrolysis 
        & Atomization of a precursor solution into droplets, followed by the combustion of solvents and decomposition of a precursor(s) to create nuclei then form nanoparticles. 
            &   \begin{itemize}
            \item   High production rate
            \item   Good control of particle composition
            \item   Scalable
            \item   Versatile 
                \end{itemize}
                &   \begin{itemize}
                \item   High temperatures
                \item   Health \& safety concerns
                \item   Equipment cost
                \item   Particle agglomeration
                     \end{itemize}
                    \\
    \bottomrule
\end{tblr}
    \end{table}
\end{document}

如果您的页面边距较宽，您可以考虑在landscape页面上写入包或使用可以拆分为两个或更多页面的长表。当您将代码片段扩展到 MWE 时，将对此进行更多了解。

以上解决方案适用于第一个代码片段。对于其他代码片段，您可以按照类似的方式自己解决（每个问题一个问题）。

编辑：

感谢您提供文档序言的代码片段
不幸的是它不起作用（参见@Mico 评论}
除此之外，它（与人们通常撰写序言的方式相比）相当奇怪（不必要的复杂）。例如

\PassOptionsToPackage{T1}{fontenc} 
    \usepackage{fontenc}

你可以简单地写

    \usepackage[t1]{fontenc}

由于现在定义的页面布局，您的第一个表格无法放在一页上。可能的解决方案是longtblr使用tabularray包
在下面的序言示例中，我只考虑文档类和包[T1]{fontenc},textcomp andmchem`
longtblr第二个表的MWE和添加的代码是：

\documentclass[ twoside,openright,titlepage,numbers=noenddot,%1headlines,
                headinclude,footinclude,cleardoublepage=empty,abstract=on,
                BCOR=5mm,paper=a4,fontsize=11pt
                ]{scrreprt}
%---------------- show page layout. don't use in a real document!
\usepackage{showframe}
\renewcommand\ShowFrameLinethickness{0.15pt}
\renewcommand*\ShowFrameColor{\color{red}}
%---------------------------------------------------------------%
\usepackage{lipsum}% For dummy text. Don't use in a real document

\usepackage{fontenc}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage[version=4]{mhchem}

% new packages neede for writing of the first table
\usepackage{ragged2e}
\usepackage{tabularray}
\UseTblrLibrary{booktabs,       % load this package too 
                siunitx,        % load this package too 
                varwidth}
\SetTblrStyle{caption}{font=\footnotesize}
\SetTblrStyle{caption-tag}{font=\bfseries}
\SetTblrStyle{contfoot}{font=\footnotesize\itshape}

\usepackage{enumitem}
\AtBeginEnvironment{longtblr}%
{\setlist[itemize]{nosep,
                   leftmargin=*}
}
\usepackage[skip=1ex]{caption}

\begin{document}
\begin{longtblr}[
  entry = {[Fabrication techniques of sensing materials and their attributes},
caption = {Common sensing materials fabrication techniques with their general benefits and limitations.},
  label = {table1-1}
                ]{cells = {font=\footnotesize},
                  colspec = {@{} Q[l, wd=7em] X[cmd=\RaggedRight] X[l] X[l] @{}},
                  stretch = -1,
                  rowsep = 3pt,
                  measure = vbox,
                  rowhead = 1
             }
% table body is the same as in the first solution of your first table
\end{longtblr}

\lipsum[1]

%% Table 2 (added)
\begin{table}[!htb]
\footnotesize
\setlength\colwidthA{\widthof{functionalized \ce{ZnO}}} % <--- added
\setlength\colwidthB{\widthof{UV activated}}            % <--- added
\begin{talltblr}[
  entry = {Recent studies on room temperature VOC sensors.},
caption = {Comparison of recent studies of room temperature VOC sensors.},
  label = {table2-1},
note{} = {\begin{enumerate*}[label=\textbf{\alph*:}, itemjoin={{;\quad }}, itemjoin*={{,\quad and\quad }}]
            \item   $I_{\mathrm{ethanol}}/I_{\mathrm{air}} \cdot 100$
            \item   $1-I_{\mathrm{ethanol}}/I_{\mathrm{air}} \cdot 100$
            \item   $I_{\mathrm{ethanol}}/I_{\mathrm{air}}$
            \item   $1-I_{\mathrm{air}}/I_{\mathrm{ethanol}} \cdot 100$
            \item   Therm.: Thermal.
          \end{enumerate*}
          }
                    ]{cells = {font=\linespread{0.84}\selectfont},
                      colsep  = 2pt,
                      colspec = {@{} Q[l, m, wd=\colwidthA]
                                     c
                                     Q[c, wd=\colwidthB]
                                *{4}{X[c]}
                                     Q[l]
                                @{}},
                      }
    \toprule
Material
    & {Temp.\\(\unit{\celsius})}
        & External Catalyst
            & EtOH concentration (ppm)
                & Responsivity ($I_{\mathrm{EtOH}}/\allowbreak I_{\mathrm{air}}{-}1$) (sec)
                    & Limit of Detection
                        & Response\slash Recovery times
                            & Ref.                      \\
    \midrule
Thick porous \ce{ZnO} fractals
    & RT
        & Solar light
            & 0.05, 1
                & 2.22, 10.41
                    & 0.01
                        & 448/505, 300/360
                            & {This\\ work}             \\
\ce{ZnO-NiO} nanoheterjunctions
    & RT
        & Solar light
            & 0.1
                & 0.77
                    & 0.01
                        & N/A
                            & [9b]                  \\
\ce{ZnO} nanorods
    & RT
        & UV light
            & 200
                & 4.24\TblrNote{a}
                    & N/A
                        & 52/192
                            & [18]                  \\
\ce{Cr2O3} functionalized \ce{ZnO}
    & RT
        & UV light
            & 200
                & 10.95\TblrNote{a}
                    & N/A
                        & 26/110
                            & [18]                  \\
\ce{$\alpha$-Fe2O3}/\ce{ZnO} nanowires
    & RT
        & N/A
            & 100
                & 9.1\%
                    & 100
                        & N/A
                            & [30a]                 \\
Au-modified \ce{ZnO} nanowire
    & RT
        & N/A
            & 20
                & ~10\TblrNote{b}
                    & N/A
                        & $-$/5
                            & [30b]                 \\
\ce{ZnO} nano disks
    & RT
        & Therm.\TblrNote{e} and UV activated
            & 100
                & 0.17
                    & 20
                        & 11/15
                            & [39]                  \\
Au-\ce{ZnO} nanofibers
    & RT
        & UV
            & 100
                & 1.18\TblrNote{c}
                    & N/A
                        & N/A
                            & [40] \\
\ce{ZnO} nanotubes
    & RT
        & N/A
            & 10
                & 30.91\TblrNote{d}
                    & N/A
                        & 263/80
                            & [41] \\
    \bottomrule
\end{talltblr}
    \end{table}

\end{document}

Answer

您应该向我们展示带有表格的 MWE（最小工作示例），而不是代码片段。
表格格式对页面布局有很大的影响，特别是在表格看起来很大的情况下。
一种方法是考虑@Mico 注释并使用tabularray设计表的包、enumitem单元格列表的包、raged2e单元格文本格式化的包，方法是：

\documentclass[11pt]{book}  % which document class you use?
\usepackage[margin=25mm]{geometry}       % determine your document page layout

\usepackage{ragged2e}
\usepackage{tabularray}
\UseTblrLibrary{booktabs, siunitx, varwidth}
\usepackage{enumitem}
\AtBeginEnvironment{table}%
{\setlist[itemize]{nosep,
                   leftmargin=*}
}
\usepackage[skip=1ex]{caption}

\begin{document}
    \begin{table}[!htb]
\caption[Fabrication techniques of sensing materials and their attributes]{Common sensing materials fabrication techniques with their general benefits and limitations.}
\label{table1-1}
    \footnotesize
\begin{tblr}{colspec = {@{} Q[l, wd=7em] X[cmd=\RaggedRight] X[l] X[l] @{}},
             stretch = -1,
             rowsep = 3pt,
             measure = vbox,
             }
    \toprule
Method  &   Description 
            &   Benefits 
                &   Limitations         \\
    \midrule
\SetCell[c=4]{c, font=\bfseries}    Wet synthesis methods         
        &   &   &   \\
Sol-gel &   A chemical process that involves the transition of a solution to a gel for material preparation under mild condition. 
            &   \begin{itemize}
            \item   Controlled composition 
            \item   Good homogeneity 
            \item   Low processing temperature 
            \item   Versatility 
                \end{itemize}
                &   \begin{itemize}
                \item   Long processing time
                \item   Size reduction upon drying
                \item   Requires careful control of parameters
                \item   Often require post-synthesis treatments
                    \end{itemize}   
                    \\
Hydrothermal / solvothermal 
        & Uses high temperature and pressure in aqueous (hydrothermal) or non-aqueous solutions (solvothermal).
            &   \begin{itemize}
            \item   High purity 
            \item   Crystallinity control 
            \item   low to moderate temperatures 
            \item   Scalable 
                \end{itemize}
                &   \begin{itemize}
                \item   High pressure equipment 
                \item   Limited range of particle size 
                \item   Energy-intensive 
                \item   Time-consuming 
                     \end{itemize}
                    \\
Electrodeposition 
    & Electrochemical process for depositing a layer/coating of material by means of electric current. 
            &   \begin{itemize}
            \item   Cost-effective
            \item   Good control over thickness
            \item   an coat complex shapes
            \item   Uniform deposition
                \end{itemize}
                &   \begin{itemize}
                \item   Limited to conductive substrates
                \item   May require post-treatment
                \item   Thickness limitations
                \item   Environmental concerns 
                     \end{itemize}
                    \\
Coprecipitation 
    & Precipitation of a solid from a solution containing multiple ions under controlled aqueous solutions and environments. 
            &   \begin{itemize}
            \item   Simple process
            \item   Scalable
            \item   Low cost
            \item   Good control over composition 
                \end{itemize}
                &   \begin{itemize}
                \item   Requires washing and filtration
                \item   Agglomeration issues
                \item   Poor impurity control
                \item   Poor particle size control
                     \end{itemize}
                    \\
\SetCell[c=4]{c, font=\bfseries}   Dry synthesis methods
        &   &   &   \\
Atomic layer deposition 
        & Thin film deposition technique based on the sequential use of a gas phase. 
            &   \begin{itemize}
            \item   Excellent control over thickness
            \item   High uniformity
            \item   Good conformality
            \item   High-quality films 
                \end{itemize}
                &   \begin{itemize}
                \item   Slow deposition rate
                \item   Limited to certain materials
                \item   Expensive equipment
                \item   Temperature sensitivity
                     \end{itemize}
                    \\
Sputtering 
        & Physical vapor deposition technique for thin film creation using suitable energy of a plasma. 
            &   \begin{itemize}
            \item   Versatile materials
            \item   Good adhesion
            \item   Scalable
            \item   Uniform thickness
            \item   Good control of film thickness 
                \end{itemize}
                &   \begin{itemize}
                \item   Costly equipment
                \item   May require high vacuum
                \item   Limited substrate size
                \item   Limit of precursor penetration depth 
                     \end{itemize}
                    \\
Chemical vapor deposition 
        & Depositing solid material from a vapor by a chemical reaction under controlled atmospheres. 
            &   \begin{itemize}
            \item   High purity and quality
            \item   Direct electrode assembly
            \item   Scalable
            \item   Wide material choice 
                \end{itemize}
                &   \begin{itemize}
                \item   High temperatures
            \item   Complex equipment
            \item   Safety concerns with gases
            \item   Uniformity challenges
            \item   Low production rate 
                     \end{itemize}
                    \\
Spray pyrolysis
        & Atomization of a precursor solution into droplets, followed by the evaporation of solvents and decomposition of the metal source in a heated reactor to generate particles. 
            &   \begin{itemize}
            \item    Simple setup
            \item   Cost-effective
            \item   Versatile materials
            \item   Large area deposition 
                \end{itemize}
                &   \begin{itemize}
                \item   Poor particle size control
                \item   Requires heat/high-temperature management
                \item   May produce rough surfaces
                \item   Limited film thickness
                     \end{itemize}
                    \\
Flame spray pyrolysis 
        & Atomization of a precursor solution into droplets, followed by the combustion of solvents and decomposition of a precursor(s) to create nuclei then form nanoparticles. 
            &   \begin{itemize}
            \item   High production rate
            \item   Good control of particle composition
            \item   Scalable
            \item   Versatile 
                \end{itemize}
                &   \begin{itemize}
                \item   High temperatures
                \item   Health \& safety concerns
                \item   Equipment cost
                \item   Particle agglomeration
                     \end{itemize}
                    \\
    \bottomrule
\end{tblr}
    \end{table}
\end{document}

如果您的页面边距较宽，您可以考虑在landscape页面上写入包或使用可以拆分为两个或更多页面的长表。当您将代码片段扩展到 MWE 时，将对此进行更多了解。

以上解决方案适用于第一个代码片段。对于其他代码片段，您可以按照类似的方式自己解决（每个问题一个问题）。

编辑：

感谢您提供文档序言的代码片段
不幸的是它不起作用（参见@Mico 评论}
除此之外，它（与人们通常撰写序言的方式相比）相当奇怪（不必要的复杂）。例如

\PassOptionsToPackage{T1}{fontenc} 
    \usepackage{fontenc}

你可以简单地写

    \usepackage[t1]{fontenc}

由于现在定义的页面布局，您的第一个表格无法放在一页上。可能的解决方案是longtblr使用tabularray包
在下面的序言示例中，我只考虑文档类和包[T1]{fontenc},textcomp andmchem`
longtblr第二个表的MWE和添加的代码是：

\documentclass[ twoside,openright,titlepage,numbers=noenddot,%1headlines,
                headinclude,footinclude,cleardoublepage=empty,abstract=on,
                BCOR=5mm,paper=a4,fontsize=11pt
                ]{scrreprt}
%---------------- show page layout. don't use in a real document!
\usepackage{showframe}
\renewcommand\ShowFrameLinethickness{0.15pt}
\renewcommand*\ShowFrameColor{\color{red}}
%---------------------------------------------------------------%
\usepackage{lipsum}% For dummy text. Don't use in a real document

\usepackage{fontenc}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage[version=4]{mhchem}

% new packages neede for writing of the first table
\usepackage{ragged2e}
\usepackage{tabularray}
\UseTblrLibrary{booktabs,       % load this package too 
                siunitx,        % load this package too 
                varwidth}
\SetTblrStyle{caption}{font=\footnotesize}
\SetTblrStyle{caption-tag}{font=\bfseries}
\SetTblrStyle{contfoot}{font=\footnotesize\itshape}

\usepackage{enumitem}
\AtBeginEnvironment{longtblr}%
{\setlist[itemize]{nosep,
                   leftmargin=*}
}
\usepackage[skip=1ex]{caption}

\begin{document}
\begin{longtblr}[
  entry = {[Fabrication techniques of sensing materials and their attributes},
caption = {Common sensing materials fabrication techniques with their general benefits and limitations.},
  label = {table1-1}
                ]{cells = {font=\footnotesize},
                  colspec = {@{} Q[l, wd=7em] X[cmd=\RaggedRight] X[l] X[l] @{}},
                  stretch = -1,
                  rowsep = 3pt,
                  measure = vbox,
                  rowhead = 1
             }
% table body is the same as in the first solution of your first table
\end{longtblr}

\lipsum[1]

%% Table 2 (added)
\begin{table}[!htb]
\footnotesize
\setlength\colwidthA{\widthof{functionalized \ce{ZnO}}} % <--- added
\setlength\colwidthB{\widthof{UV activated}}            % <--- added
\begin{talltblr}[
  entry = {Recent studies on room temperature VOC sensors.},
caption = {Comparison of recent studies of room temperature VOC sensors.},
  label = {table2-1},
note{} = {\begin{enumerate*}[label=\textbf{\alph*:}, itemjoin={{;\quad }}, itemjoin*={{,\quad and\quad }}]
            \item   $I_{\mathrm{ethanol}}/I_{\mathrm{air}} \cdot 100$
            \item   $1-I_{\mathrm{ethanol}}/I_{\mathrm{air}} \cdot 100$
            \item   $I_{\mathrm{ethanol}}/I_{\mathrm{air}}$
            \item   $1-I_{\mathrm{air}}/I_{\mathrm{ethanol}} \cdot 100$
            \item   Therm.: Thermal.
          \end{enumerate*}
          }
                    ]{cells = {font=\linespread{0.84}\selectfont},
                      colsep  = 2pt,
                      colspec = {@{} Q[l, m, wd=\colwidthA]
                                     c
                                     Q[c, wd=\colwidthB]
                                *{4}{X[c]}
                                     Q[l]
                                @{}},
                      }
    \toprule
Material
    & {Temp.\\(\unit{\celsius})}
        & External Catalyst
            & EtOH concentration (ppm)
                & Responsivity ($I_{\mathrm{EtOH}}/\allowbreak I_{\mathrm{air}}{-}1$) (sec)
                    & Limit of Detection
                        & Response\slash Recovery times
                            & Ref.                      \\
    \midrule
Thick porous \ce{ZnO} fractals
    & RT
        & Solar light
            & 0.05, 1
                & 2.22, 10.41
                    & 0.01
                        & 448/505, 300/360
                            & {This\\ work}             \\
\ce{ZnO-NiO} nanoheterjunctions
    & RT
        & Solar light
            & 0.1
                & 0.77
                    & 0.01
                        & N/A
                            & [9b]                  \\
\ce{ZnO} nanorods
    & RT
        & UV light
            & 200
                & 4.24\TblrNote{a}
                    & N/A
                        & 52/192
                            & [18]                  \\
\ce{Cr2O3} functionalized \ce{ZnO}
    & RT
        & UV light
            & 200
                & 10.95\TblrNote{a}
                    & N/A
                        & 26/110
                            & [18]                  \\
\ce{$\alpha$-Fe2O3}/\ce{ZnO} nanowires
    & RT
        & N/A
            & 100
                & 9.1\%
                    & 100
                        & N/A
                            & [30a]                 \\
Au-modified \ce{ZnO} nanowire
    & RT
        & N/A
            & 20
                & ~10\TblrNote{b}
                    & N/A
                        & $-$/5
                            & [30b]                 \\
\ce{ZnO} nano disks
    & RT
        & Therm.\TblrNote{e} and UV activated
            & 100
                & 0.17
                    & 20
                        & 11/15
                            & [39]                  \\
Au-\ce{ZnO} nanofibers
    & RT
        & UV
            & 100
                & 1.18\TblrNote{c}
                    & N/A
                        & N/A
                            & [40] \\
\ce{ZnO} nanotubes
    & RT
        & N/A
            & 10
                & 30.91\TblrNote{d}
                    & N/A
                        & 263/80
                            & [41] \\
    \bottomrule
\end{talltblr}
    \end{table}

\end{document}

Question 2

以下是针对所有四个表格的一组解决方案。请注意，它们没有使用大锤adjustbox。相反，它们采用tabularx（对于单页表）和xltabular（对于多页表）环境，并为所有列启用换行。

总之，排版这四个表格至少需要六页；表 4 本身就需要三页。

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[letterpaper,margin=1in]{geometry} % set page parameters appropriately
\usepackage{adjustbox,makecell,mhchem}


% new 
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage[english]{babel}
\usepackage{xltabular,ragged2e,booktabs,calc,amsmath}
\newcolumntype{L}[1]{%
  >{\RaggedRight\hspace{0pt}\hsize=#1\hsize\linewidth=\hsize}X}
\newcolumntype{C}{%
  >{\Centering\hspace{0pt}}X}
\newcolumntype{P}[1]{>{\RaggedRight\hspace{0pt}}p{#1}}
  
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\setlist[myenum,1]{label={-},nosep,left=0pt,
            before={\begin{minipage}[t]{\hsize}},
            after={\end{minipage}}}
            
\usepackage{siunitx} % for \qty, \unit, and \celsius macros

\usepackage[para,flushleft]{threeparttable}
\renewcommand{\TPTtagStyle}{\textit}

\usepackage{newpxtext,newpxmath} % optional (Palatino clone)

% provide a list of hypenation exceptions (mainly for chemical terms)
\hyphenation{aceto-nitrile acetyl-acetonate array arrays
benzo-nitrile
dimethyl-form-amide
ethyl-hexa-noate eth-oxide europ-ium
hexa-hydrate hexa-methyl hexa-methyl-disiloxane 
iso-prop-oxide 
penta-hydrate photo-activation poly-vinyl poly-vinyl-pyro-olidone 
tetra-iso-prop-oxide tri-butyl tri-hydrate}

\begin{document}

\setcellgapes{2pt}\makegapedcells
\setlength{\LTcapwidth}{\textwidth}

%% Table 1

\begin{xltabular}{\textwidth}{@{} L{0.55} *{3}{L{1.15}} @{}}
\caption[Fabrication techniques of sensing materials and their attributes]{Common sensing materials fabrication techniques with their general benefits and limitations.}
\label{table1-1} \\
\toprule
Method & Description & Benefits & Limitations \\
\midrule
\endfirsthead

\multicolumn{4}{@{}l@{}}{Table \thetable, cont'd}\\
\toprule
Method & Description & Benefits & Limitations \\
\midrule
\endhead

\midrule
\multicolumn{4}{r@{}}{\itshape continued on next page}
\endfoot

\bottomrule
\endlastfoot


\multicolumn{4}{@{}l}{\textbf{Wet synthesis methods}}\\

Sol-gel 
& A chemical process that involves the transition of a solution to a gel for material preparation under mild condition. 
& 
\begin{myenum}
\item Controlled composition
\item Good homogeneity
\item Low processing temperature
\item Versatility
\end{myenum} 
&
\begin{myenum}
\item Long processing time
\item Size reduction upon drying
\item Requires careful control of parameters
item Often require post-synthesis treatments 
\end{myenum}\\

Hydrothermal\slash solvo-thermal 
& Uses high temperature and pressure in aqueous (hydrothermal) or non-aqueous solutions (solvothermal). 
&
\begin{myenum}
\item High purity
\item Crystallinity control
\item low to moderate temperatures
\item Scalable 
\end{myenum}
&
\begin{myenum}
\item High pressure equipment
\item Limited range of particle size
\item Energy-intensive
\item Time-consuming 
\end{myenum}\\

Electro-deposition 
& Electrochemical process for depositing a layer\slash coating of material by means of electric current. 
&
\begin{myenum}
\item Cost-effective
\item Good control over thickness
\item Can coat complex shapes
\item Uniform deposition 
\end{myenum}
&
\begin{myenum}
\item Limited to conductive substrates
\item May require post-treatment
\item Thickness limitations
\item Environmental concerns 
\end{myenum}\\

Coprecipi-tation 
& Precipitation of a solid from a solution containing multiple ions under controlled aqueous solutions and environments. 
&
\begin{myenum}
\item Simple process
\item Scalable
\item Low cost
\item Good control over composition 
\end{myenum}
&
\begin{myenum}
\item Requires washing and filtration
\item Agglomeration issues
\item Poor impurity control
\item Poor particle size control 
\end{myenum}\\

\addlinespace
\multicolumn{4}{@{}l}{\textbf{Dry synthesis methods}}\\

Atomic layer deposition 
& Thin film deposition technique based on the sequential use of a gas phase. 
&
\begin{myenum}
\item Excellent control over thickness
\item High uniformity
\item Good conformality
\item High-quality films 
\end{myenum}
&
\begin{myenum}
\item Slow deposition rate
\item Limited to certain materials
\item Expensive equipment
\item Temperature sensitivity 
\end{myenum}\\

Sputtering 
& Physical vapor deposition technique for thin film creation using suitable energy of a plasma. 
&
\begin{myenum}
\item Versatile materials
\item Good adhesion
\item Scalable
\item Uniform thickness
\item Good control of film thickness
\end{myenum}
&
\begin{myenum}
\item Costly equipment
\item May require high vacuum
\item Limited substrate size
\item Limit of precursor penetration depth 
\end{myenum}\\

Chemical vapor deposition 
& Depositing solid material from a vapor by a chemical reaction under controlled atmospheres. 
&
\begin{myenum}
\item High purity and quality
\item Direct electrode assembly
\item Scalable
\item Wide material choice
\end{myenum} 
&
\begin{myenum}
\item High temperatures
\item Complex equipment
\item Safety concerns with gases
\item Uniformity challenges
\item Low production rate 
\end{myenum}\\

Spray pyrolysis 
& Atomization of a precursor solution into droplets, followed by the evaporation of solvents and decomposition of the metal source in a heated reactor to generate particles. 
&
\begin{myenum}
\item Simple setup
\item Cost-effective
\item Versatile materials
\item Large area deposition
\end{myenum} 
&
\begin{myenum}
\item Poor particle size control
\item Requires heat/high-temperature management
\item May produce rough surfaces
\item Limited film thickness 
\end{myenum}\\

Flame spray pyrolysis 
& Atomization of a precursor solution into droplets, followed by the combustion of solvents and decomposition of a precursor(s) to create nuclei then form nanoparticles. 
&
\begin{myenum}
\item High production rate
\item Good control of particle composition
\item Scalable
\item Versatile 
\end{myenum}
&
\begin{myenum}
\item High temperatures
\item Health \& safety concerns
\item Equipment cost
\item Particle agglomeration  
\end{myenum}\\

\end{xltabular}
%%\end{adjustbox}




%% Table 2
\begin{table}[!htb]
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{3pt}

\begin{threeparttable}
\caption[Recent studies on room temperature VOC sensors.]{Comparison of recent studies of room temperature VOC sensors.}
\label{table2-1}

\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{@{} 
   P{\widthof{Thick porous \ce{ZnO} fractals}} 
   c 
   CCCCC 
   P{\widthof{work}} @{}}
 
\toprule
Material & \makecell[t]{Temp.\\(\unit{\celsius})} & External Catalyst & EtOH concentration (ppm) & Responsivity ($I_{\mathrm{EtOH}}/\allowbreak I_{\mathrm{air}}{-}1$) (sec)  & Limit of Detection & Response\slash Recovery times & Ref. \\
\midrule
 
Thick porous \ce{ZnO} fractals & RT & Solar light & 0.05, 1 & 2.22, 10.41 & 0.01 & 448/505, 300/360 & This work \\
  \ce{ZnO-NiO} nanoheterjunctions & RT & Solar light & 0.1 & 0.77 & 0.01 & N/A & [9b] \\
  \ce{ZnO} nanorods & RT & UV light & 200 & 4.24\tnote{a} & N/A & 52/192 & [18] \\
  \ce{Cr2O3} functionalized \ce{ZnO} & RT & UV light & 200 & 10.95\tnote{a} & N/A & 26/110 & [18] \\
  \ce{$\alpha$-Fe2O3}/\ce{ZnO} nanowires & RT & N/A & 100 & 9.1\% & 100 & N/A & [30a] \\
  Au-modified \ce{ZnO} nanowire & RT & N/A & 20 & ~10\tnote{b} & N/A & $-$/5 & [30b] \\
  \ce{ZnO} nano disks & RT & Thermally and UV activated & 100 & 0.17 & 20 & 11/15 & [39] \\
  Au-\ce{ZnO} nanofibers & RT & UV & 100 & 1.18\tnote{c} & N/A & N/A & [40] \\
  \ce{ZnO} nanotubes & RT & N/A & 10 & 30.91\tnote{d} & N/A & 263/80 & [41] \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabularx}

\smallskip\footnotesize
\begin{tablenotes}
\item[a] $I_{\mathrm{ethanol}}/I_{\mathrm{air}} \cdot 100$
\item[b] $1-I_{\mathrm{ethanol}}/I_{\mathrm{air}} \cdot 100$
\item[c] $I_{\mathrm{ethanol}}/I_{\mathrm{air}}$
\item[d] $1-I_{\mathrm{air}}/I_{\mathrm{ethanol}} \cdot 100$
\end{tablenotes}
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}



%% Table 3
\begin{table}[!htb]
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{3pt}

\begin{threeparttable}

\caption[Recent ethanol sensors with oxygen defects.]{Comparison of recently developed ethanol sensors with oxygen defects.}
\label{table2-2}
 
\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{@{} 
   P{\widthof{Thick Porous \ce{ZnO}}}
   c 
   CCCCC
   P{\widthof{work}}
   @{}}
\toprule
Material & \makecell[t]{Sensing\\Temp.\\(\unit{\celsius})} & Oxygen Vacancy Introduction & EtOH Concentration (ppm) & Responsivity ($I_{\mathrm{EtOH}}/\allowbreak I_{\mathrm{air}}{-}1$) & Limit of Detection (ppm) & Response\slash Recovery Times (sec) & Ref. \\
\midrule
Thick porous \ce{ZnO} fractals & RT & DUV Photoactivation at \qty{200}{\celsius} & 0.05, 1 & 2.22, 10.41 & 0.01 & 448/505, 300/360 & This work \\
Thick porous \ce{ZnO} fractals & 150 & DUV Photoactivation at \qty{200}{\celsius} & 0.05, 1 & 0.97, 15.9 & 0.005 & 371/486, 260/312 & This work \\
\ce{ZnO} nanorod arrays & 400 & \ce{H2O2} thermal treatment at \qty{400}{\celsius} & 3 & ~70\tnote{a} & 1 & N/A & [35a] \\
Rutile \ce{SnO2} nanostructures & 190 & Reduction by \ce{NaBH4} & 20 & 37.2\tnote{a} & N/A & 42/17 & [43] \\
\ce{SnO2} nano-columns & RT & Reducing environment (Argon) & 400 & 1.27 & N/A & N/A & [42] \\
\ce{In2O3} octahedral particles & 200 & Phase transformation process from \ce{In(OH)3} at \qty{300}{\celsius} & 1000 & 610\tnote{a} & N/A & 1-2/15-20 & [15] \\
\ce{ZnO} nanosheets & 330 & Preferential [0001] growth direction at \qty{500}{\celsius} & 50 & 80\tnote{a} & N/A & N/A & [44] \\
Co-doped \ce{ZnO} microspheres & 220 & Co-doping at \qty{400}{\celsius} & 5 & 3.3\tnote{a} & N/A & N/A & [45] \\
Ce-doped \ce{ZnO} nanostructures & 300 & Ce-doping at \qty{450}{\celsius} & 100 & 72.6\tnote{a} & N/A & 9/3 & [46] \\
\ce{ZnO}/\ce{SnO2} composite hollow spheres & 225 & Hydrothermal process, calcination at \qty{400}{\celsius} & 30 & 34.8\tnote{a} & 0.5 & 1/-- & [47] \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabularx}

\smallskip\footnotesize
\begin{tablenotes}
\item[a] $I_{\mathrm{ethanol}}/I_{\mathrm{air}}$
\end{tablenotes}
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}

\clearpage


%% Table 4
\begin{xltabular}{\textwidth}{@{} 
  L{0.9}  % 0.9+1.31+3*0.93 = 5 = # of X-type columns
  %% no linebreak allowed in '\ce{(NH4)6H2OW12.xH2O}'
  L{1.31} 
  *{3}{L{0.93}} 
  P{\widthof{work}} @{}}

\caption{Summary of materials, precursors, solvents, and morphologies for various sensing applications.} \label{table:materials}\\
\toprule
Material & Precursor & Solvent & Nanostructure Morphology & Sensing Application & Ref. \\
\midrule
\endfirsthead

Table \thetable, cont'd\\
\toprule
Material & Precursor & Solvent & Nanostructure Morphology & Sensing Application & Ref. \\
\midrule
\endhead

\midrule
\multicolumn{6}{r@{}}{\itshape continued on next page}
\endfoot

\bottomrule
\endlastfoot


La-doped \ce{WO3} & \ce{La(NO3)3.6H2O} & ethanol & nano particles & gas sensing & \cite{Zhang_2022} \\
\ce{WO3} & \ce{(NH4)6H2OW12.xH2O} & ethanol & nano particles (crystals) & gas sensing & \cite{Wu_2022} \\
\ce{Zn2SnO4} & ZTO & ethanol & nano particles  & photo detection & \cite{Karthick_2023} \\
ZnO & zinc naphthenate & m-xylene & nano particles & photo detection & \cite{Nasiri2015} \\
\ce{SnO2} & tin ethylhexanoate & xylene & nano particles & gas sensing & \cite{Keskinen_2009} \\
\ce{SnO2} & ethylhexanoate  & ethanol & nano particles & gas sensing & \cite{Sahm_2004} \\
Pt-loaded \ce{WO3} & tungsten ethoxide & ethanol & nano particles & gas sensing & \cite{Samerjai2011} \\
Nb-ZnO & zinc naphthenate & toluene\slash methanol (70/30) vol.\% & & gas sensing & \cite{Kruefu_2011} \\
Nb-doped \ce{TiO2} & titanium isopropoxide & xylene\slash acetonitrile & nano powders & gas sensing & \cite{Phanichphant_2011} \\
\ce{TiO2} & titanium tetra isopropoxide & Xylene\slash acetonitrile & nano particles and films & gas sensing & \cite{Teleki_2006} \\
\ce{WO3} & ammonium tungsten hydrate & glycol\slash ethanol & nano particles & bio sensing & \cite{Wang_2008} \\
\ce{SnO2} & tin ethylhexanoate & xylene & nano powder & gas sensing & \cite{Liewhiran_2012} \\
Ru-\ce{SnO2} & tin ethylhexanoate & xylene & Nano powders\slash thick films & gas sensing & \cite{Liewhiran_2009} \\
Pt/ZnO & zinc naphthenate & xylene & Nano powder\slash thick films & gas sensing & \cite{Tamaekong2009} \\
Pt-loaded ZnO & zinc naphthenate & xylene & Nano particles\slash thick films  & gas sensing & \cite{Tamaekong_2011} \\
Pd-ZnO & zinc naphthenate & toluene\slash acetonitrile (80/20) vol.\% & nano particles\slash thick films & gas sensing & \cite{Liewhiran_2008} \\
Nb- and Cu-doped \ce{TiO2} & titanium tetra isopropoxide & xylene & nano particles & gas sensing & \cite{TELEKI_2008} \\
\ce{Bi2WO6} & bismuth nitrate pentahydrate, tungsten ethoxide & ethanol, acetic acid & nano particles & gas sensing & \cite{Punginsang_2019} \\
\ce{PdO_x}-doped \ce{In2O3} & indium nitrate hydrate, palladium acetylacetonate & ethanol & nano particles & gas sensing & \cite{Inyawilert_2019} \\
Pt-doped \ce{In2O3} & indium nitrate & ethanol & nano particles & gas sensing & \cite{Inyawilert_2016} \\
Pd-doped \ce{SnO2} & tin ethylhexanoate & xylene\slash acetonitrile (80/20) vol.\% & nano particles & gas sensing & \cite{Liewhiran_2013} \\
rGO-doped \ce{ZnO} & Au and Pd & de-ionized water & nano fibers & gas sensing & \cite{Abideen2018} \\
ZnO & zinc naphthenate & xylene & nano particles & photo detection & \cite{Nasiri2016} \\
\ce{SnO2} & tin chloride & ammonia solution & nano powder & gas sensing & \cite{Xu1991} \\
Pd-ZnO & zinc nephthanate and palladium acetylacetonate & toluene and acetonitrile & nano particles & gas sensing & \cite{Liewhiran2007} \\
\ce{SnO2} and \ce{ZnO} & tin oxide & nitric acid & nano powder & gas sensing & \cite{Yamazoe1983} \\
\ce{WO3} & ammonium metatungstate hydrate, polyvinylpyroolidone & dimethylformamide & nano fibers & gas sensing & \cite{Yang2021a} \\
\ce{TiO2} & titanium isopropoxide & ethanolamine & nano wires & gas sensing & \cite{Shooshtari2021} \\
Zn-doped \ce{Fe2O3} & zinc nitrate hexahydrate, iron nitrate nanohydrate & de-ionized water & nano particles & gas sensing & \cite{Kim2011} \\
graphene loaded \ce{SnO2} & graphene, tin chloride dihydrate, polyvinyl acetate & ethanol, dimethylformamide & nano fibers & gas sensing & \cite{Abideen2017} \\
\ce{Au}-\ce{ZnO} & \ce{HAuCl4} & Aqueous ammonia solution & nano wires & gas sensing & \cite{Wang2013} \\
\ce{SnO2} & tin chloride dihydrate & ethanol, dimethylformamide & nano fibers & gas sensing & \cite{Kim2016} \\
Ti-doped ZnO & zinc ethylhexanoate, titanium tetraisopropoxide & xylene & nano particles & bio sensing & \cite{Guntner2016} \\
Pt/\ce{SnO2} & tin ethylhexanoic acid, platinum acetylacetonate & toluene, & nano particles & gas sensing & \cite{Maedler2006} \\
NiO-ZnO & zinc nephthanate & xylene & nano particles & gas sensing & \cite{Chen2018} \\
Ag-doped \ce{TiO2} & titanium isopropoxide, silver nitrate & ethanol & nano particles & photo detection & \cite{Yildirim2021} \\
Au & \ce{HAuCl4} & ethanol & nano particles & photo detection & \cite{Thimsen2011} \\
\ce{MoO3} & Mo Solid rod & de-ionized water & nano particles & gas sensing & \cite{Shafieyan2019} \\
Au & \ce{HAuCl4} & ethanol & nano particles & photo detection & \cite{Fusco2019} \\
Au-\ce{TiO2} & \ce{HAuCl4}, titanium isopropoxide & ethanol, xylene & nano particles & photo detection & \cite{Fusco2018a} \\
AgO-\ce{TiO2} & titanium isopropoxide, silver acetate & acetonitrile, ethyl hexanoic acid & nanohybrids & bio sensing & \cite{Guntner2023} \\
graphene Cu & copper naphthenate & xylene & nano particles\slash films & bio sensing & \cite{DiBernardo2020} \\
Au & gold chloride trihydrate & ethanol & nano particles & bio sensing & \cite{Dastidar2022} \\
Ag-\ce{SiO2} & silver nitrate, hexamethyldisiloxane & ethanol & nano particles & bio sensing & \cite{Sotiriou2013} \\
CuO & copper nitrate & -- & nano particles & bio sensing & \cite{Yang2021} \\
Au & \ce{HAuCl4} & ethanol & nano islands & bio sensing & \cite{Mondal2023} \\
\ce{CaP}:\ce{Eu} & calcium acetate hydrate, europium nitrate, tributyl phosphate & propionic acid & nano particles & bio sensing & \cite{Merkl2021} \\
\ce{SiO2}-coated \ce{Y2O3}:\ce{Tb^{3+}} & yttrium nitrate, hexamethyl disiloxane & ethyl hexanoic acid, ethanol & nano particles & bio sensing and photo detection & \cite{Sotiriou2012} \\
enzyme minetic luminescent & cerium 2\nobreakdash-\hspace{0pt}ethylhexanoate, Eu-nitrate & methanol & nano particles & bio sensing & \cite{Pratsinis2017} \\
CuO-\ce{Cu2O} & copper nitrate trihydrate & ethanol & nano particles & photo detection & \cite{Zhu2017} \\
nano silver \ce{SiO2} coating & Ag-benzoate, hexamethyl disiloxane & ethylhexanoic acid, benzonitrile & nano particles & bio sensing & \cite{Sotiriou2010} \\
ZnO & zinc naphthenate & xylene & nano particles & photo detection & \cite{Fang2017} \\
ZnO, \ce{SiO2}, \ce{TiO2} & zinc naphthenate, hexamethyldisiloxane, titanium isopropoxide & xylene & nano particles & photo detection & \cite{Nasiri2016a} \\
ZnO & zinc naphthenate & xylene & nano particle film & photo detection & \cite{Nasiri2017} \\


\end{xltabular}

\end{document}

Answer

以下是针对所有四个表格的一组解决方案。请注意，它们没有使用大锤adjustbox。相反，它们采用tabularx（对于单页表）和xltabular（对于多页表）环境，并为所有列启用换行。

总之，排版这四个表格至少需要六页；表 4 本身就需要三页。

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[letterpaper,margin=1in]{geometry} % set page parameters appropriately
\usepackage{adjustbox,makecell,mhchem}


% new 
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage[english]{babel}
\usepackage{xltabular,ragged2e,booktabs,calc,amsmath}
\newcolumntype{L}[1]{%
  >{\RaggedRight\hspace{0pt}\hsize=#1\hsize\linewidth=\hsize}X}
\newcolumntype{C}{%
  >{\Centering\hspace{0pt}}X}
\newcolumntype{P}[1]{>{\RaggedRight\hspace{0pt}}p{#1}}
  
\usepackage{enumitem}
\newlist{myenum}{enumerate}{1}
\setlist[myenum,1]{label={-},nosep,left=0pt,
            before={\begin{minipage}[t]{\hsize}},
            after={\end{minipage}}}
            
\usepackage{siunitx} % for \qty, \unit, and \celsius macros

\usepackage[para,flushleft]{threeparttable}
\renewcommand{\TPTtagStyle}{\textit}

\usepackage{newpxtext,newpxmath} % optional (Palatino clone)

% provide a list of hypenation exceptions (mainly for chemical terms)
\hyphenation{aceto-nitrile acetyl-acetonate array arrays
benzo-nitrile
dimethyl-form-amide
ethyl-hexa-noate eth-oxide europ-ium
hexa-hydrate hexa-methyl hexa-methyl-disiloxane 
iso-prop-oxide 
penta-hydrate photo-activation poly-vinyl poly-vinyl-pyro-olidone 
tetra-iso-prop-oxide tri-butyl tri-hydrate}

\begin{document}

\setcellgapes{2pt}\makegapedcells
\setlength{\LTcapwidth}{\textwidth}

%% Table 1

\begin{xltabular}{\textwidth}{@{} L{0.55} *{3}{L{1.15}} @{}}
\caption[Fabrication techniques of sensing materials and their attributes]{Common sensing materials fabrication techniques with their general benefits and limitations.}
\label{table1-1} \\
\toprule
Method & Description & Benefits & Limitations \\
\midrule
\endfirsthead

\multicolumn{4}{@{}l@{}}{Table \thetable, cont'd}\\
\toprule
Method & Description & Benefits & Limitations \\
\midrule
\endhead

\midrule
\multicolumn{4}{r@{}}{\itshape continued on next page}
\endfoot

\bottomrule
\endlastfoot


\multicolumn{4}{@{}l}{\textbf{Wet synthesis methods}}\\

Sol-gel 
& A chemical process that involves the transition of a solution to a gel for material preparation under mild condition. 
& 
\begin{myenum}
\item Controlled composition
\item Good homogeneity
\item Low processing temperature
\item Versatility
\end{myenum} 
&
\begin{myenum}
\item Long processing time
\item Size reduction upon drying
\item Requires careful control of parameters
item Often require post-synthesis treatments 
\end{myenum}\\

Hydrothermal\slash solvo-thermal 
& Uses high temperature and pressure in aqueous (hydrothermal) or non-aqueous solutions (solvothermal). 
&
\begin{myenum}
\item High purity
\item Crystallinity control
\item low to moderate temperatures
\item Scalable 
\end{myenum}
&
\begin{myenum}
\item High pressure equipment
\item Limited range of particle size
\item Energy-intensive
\item Time-consuming 
\end{myenum}\\

Electro-deposition 
& Electrochemical process for depositing a layer\slash coating of material by means of electric current. 
&
\begin{myenum}
\item Cost-effective
\item Good control over thickness
\item Can coat complex shapes
\item Uniform deposition 
\end{myenum}
&
\begin{myenum}
\item Limited to conductive substrates
\item May require post-treatment
\item Thickness limitations
\item Environmental concerns 
\end{myenum}\\

Coprecipi-tation 
& Precipitation of a solid from a solution containing multiple ions under controlled aqueous solutions and environments. 
&
\begin{myenum}
\item Simple process
\item Scalable
\item Low cost
\item Good control over composition 
\end{myenum}
&
\begin{myenum}
\item Requires washing and filtration
\item Agglomeration issues
\item Poor impurity control
\item Poor particle size control 
\end{myenum}\\

\addlinespace
\multicolumn{4}{@{}l}{\textbf{Dry synthesis methods}}\\

Atomic layer deposition 
& Thin film deposition technique based on the sequential use of a gas phase. 
&
\begin{myenum}
\item Excellent control over thickness
\item High uniformity
\item Good conformality
\item High-quality films 
\end{myenum}
&
\begin{myenum}
\item Slow deposition rate
\item Limited to certain materials
\item Expensive equipment
\item Temperature sensitivity 
\end{myenum}\\

Sputtering 
& Physical vapor deposition technique for thin film creation using suitable energy of a plasma. 
&
\begin{myenum}
\item Versatile materials
\item Good adhesion
\item Scalable
\item Uniform thickness
\item Good control of film thickness
\end{myenum}
&
\begin{myenum}
\item Costly equipment
\item May require high vacuum
\item Limited substrate size
\item Limit of precursor penetration depth 
\end{myenum}\\

Chemical vapor deposition 
& Depositing solid material from a vapor by a chemical reaction under controlled atmospheres. 
&
\begin{myenum}
\item High purity and quality
\item Direct electrode assembly
\item Scalable
\item Wide material choice
\end{myenum} 
&
\begin{myenum}
\item High temperatures
\item Complex equipment
\item Safety concerns with gases
\item Uniformity challenges
\item Low production rate 
\end{myenum}\\

Spray pyrolysis 
& Atomization of a precursor solution into droplets, followed by the evaporation of solvents and decomposition of the metal source in a heated reactor to generate particles. 
&
\begin{myenum}
\item Simple setup
\item Cost-effective
\item Versatile materials
\item Large area deposition
\end{myenum} 
&
\begin{myenum}
\item Poor particle size control
\item Requires heat/high-temperature management
\item May produce rough surfaces
\item Limited film thickness 
\end{myenum}\\

Flame spray pyrolysis 
& Atomization of a precursor solution into droplets, followed by the combustion of solvents and decomposition of a precursor(s) to create nuclei then form nanoparticles. 
&
\begin{myenum}
\item High production rate
\item Good control of particle composition
\item Scalable
\item Versatile 
\end{myenum}
&
\begin{myenum}
\item High temperatures
\item Health \& safety concerns
\item Equipment cost
\item Particle agglomeration  
\end{myenum}\\

\end{xltabular}
%%\end{adjustbox}




%% Table 2
\begin{table}[!htb]
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{3pt}

\begin{threeparttable}
\caption[Recent studies on room temperature VOC sensors.]{Comparison of recent studies of room temperature VOC sensors.}
\label{table2-1}

\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{@{} 
   P{\widthof{Thick porous \ce{ZnO} fractals}} 
   c 
   CCCCC 
   P{\widthof{work}} @{}}
 
\toprule
Material & \makecell[t]{Temp.\\(\unit{\celsius})} & External Catalyst & EtOH concentration (ppm) & Responsivity ($I_{\mathrm{EtOH}}/\allowbreak I_{\mathrm{air}}{-}1$) (sec)  & Limit of Detection & Response\slash Recovery times & Ref. \\
\midrule
 
Thick porous \ce{ZnO} fractals & RT & Solar light & 0.05, 1 & 2.22, 10.41 & 0.01 & 448/505, 300/360 & This work \\
  \ce{ZnO-NiO} nanoheterjunctions & RT & Solar light & 0.1 & 0.77 & 0.01 & N/A & [9b] \\
  \ce{ZnO} nanorods & RT & UV light & 200 & 4.24\tnote{a} & N/A & 52/192 & [18] \\
  \ce{Cr2O3} functionalized \ce{ZnO} & RT & UV light & 200 & 10.95\tnote{a} & N/A & 26/110 & [18] \\
  \ce{$\alpha$-Fe2O3}/\ce{ZnO} nanowires & RT & N/A & 100 & 9.1\% & 100 & N/A & [30a] \\
  Au-modified \ce{ZnO} nanowire & RT & N/A & 20 & ~10\tnote{b} & N/A & $-$/5 & [30b] \\
  \ce{ZnO} nano disks & RT & Thermally and UV activated & 100 & 0.17 & 20 & 11/15 & [39] \\
  Au-\ce{ZnO} nanofibers & RT & UV & 100 & 1.18\tnote{c} & N/A & N/A & [40] \\
  \ce{ZnO} nanotubes & RT & N/A & 10 & 30.91\tnote{d} & N/A & 263/80 & [41] \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabularx}

\smallskip\footnotesize
\begin{tablenotes}
\item[a] $I_{\mathrm{ethanol}}/I_{\mathrm{air}} \cdot 100$
\item[b] $1-I_{\mathrm{ethanol}}/I_{\mathrm{air}} \cdot 100$
\item[c] $I_{\mathrm{ethanol}}/I_{\mathrm{air}}$
\item[d] $1-I_{\mathrm{air}}/I_{\mathrm{ethanol}} \cdot 100$
\end{tablenotes}
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}



%% Table 3
\begin{table}[!htb]
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{3pt}

\begin{threeparttable}

\caption[Recent ethanol sensors with oxygen defects.]{Comparison of recently developed ethanol sensors with oxygen defects.}
\label{table2-2}
 
\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{@{} 
   P{\widthof{Thick Porous \ce{ZnO}}}
   c 
   CCCCC
   P{\widthof{work}}
   @{}}
\toprule
Material & \makecell[t]{Sensing\\Temp.\\(\unit{\celsius})} & Oxygen Vacancy Introduction & EtOH Concentration (ppm) & Responsivity ($I_{\mathrm{EtOH}}/\allowbreak I_{\mathrm{air}}{-}1$) & Limit of Detection (ppm) & Response\slash Recovery Times (sec) & Ref. \\
\midrule
Thick porous \ce{ZnO} fractals & RT & DUV Photoactivation at \qty{200}{\celsius} & 0.05, 1 & 2.22, 10.41 & 0.01 & 448/505, 300/360 & This work \\
Thick porous \ce{ZnO} fractals & 150 & DUV Photoactivation at \qty{200}{\celsius} & 0.05, 1 & 0.97, 15.9 & 0.005 & 371/486, 260/312 & This work \\
\ce{ZnO} nanorod arrays & 400 & \ce{H2O2} thermal treatment at \qty{400}{\celsius} & 3 & ~70\tnote{a} & 1 & N/A & [35a] \\
Rutile \ce{SnO2} nanostructures & 190 & Reduction by \ce{NaBH4} & 20 & 37.2\tnote{a} & N/A & 42/17 & [43] \\
\ce{SnO2} nano-columns & RT & Reducing environment (Argon) & 400 & 1.27 & N/A & N/A & [42] \\
\ce{In2O3} octahedral particles & 200 & Phase transformation process from \ce{In(OH)3} at \qty{300}{\celsius} & 1000 & 610\tnote{a} & N/A & 1-2/15-20 & [15] \\
\ce{ZnO} nanosheets & 330 & Preferential [0001] growth direction at \qty{500}{\celsius} & 50 & 80\tnote{a} & N/A & N/A & [44] \\
Co-doped \ce{ZnO} microspheres & 220 & Co-doping at \qty{400}{\celsius} & 5 & 3.3\tnote{a} & N/A & N/A & [45] \\
Ce-doped \ce{ZnO} nanostructures & 300 & Ce-doping at \qty{450}{\celsius} & 100 & 72.6\tnote{a} & N/A & 9/3 & [46] \\
\ce{ZnO}/\ce{SnO2} composite hollow spheres & 225 & Hydrothermal process, calcination at \qty{400}{\celsius} & 30 & 34.8\tnote{a} & 0.5 & 1/-- & [47] \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabularx}

\smallskip\footnotesize
\begin{tablenotes}
\item[a] $I_{\mathrm{ethanol}}/I_{\mathrm{air}}$
\end{tablenotes}
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}

\clearpage


%% Table 4
\begin{xltabular}{\textwidth}{@{} 
  L{0.9}  % 0.9+1.31+3*0.93 = 5 = # of X-type columns
  %% no linebreak allowed in '\ce{(NH4)6H2OW12.xH2O}'
  L{1.31} 
  *{3}{L{0.93}} 
  P{\widthof{work}} @{}}

\caption{Summary of materials, precursors, solvents, and morphologies for various sensing applications.} \label{table:materials}\\
\toprule
Material & Precursor & Solvent & Nanostructure Morphology & Sensing Application & Ref. \\
\midrule
\endfirsthead

Table \thetable, cont'd\\
\toprule
Material & Precursor & Solvent & Nanostructure Morphology & Sensing Application & Ref. \\
\midrule
\endhead

\midrule
\multicolumn{6}{r@{}}{\itshape continued on next page}
\endfoot

\bottomrule
\endlastfoot


La-doped \ce{WO3} & \ce{La(NO3)3.6H2O} & ethanol & nano particles & gas sensing & \cite{Zhang_2022} \\
\ce{WO3} & \ce{(NH4)6H2OW12.xH2O} & ethanol & nano particles (crystals) & gas sensing & \cite{Wu_2022} \\
\ce{Zn2SnO4} & ZTO & ethanol & nano particles  & photo detection & \cite{Karthick_2023} \\
ZnO & zinc naphthenate & m-xylene & nano particles & photo detection & \cite{Nasiri2015} \\
\ce{SnO2} & tin ethylhexanoate & xylene & nano particles & gas sensing & \cite{Keskinen_2009} \\
\ce{SnO2} & ethylhexanoate  & ethanol & nano particles & gas sensing & \cite{Sahm_2004} \\
Pt-loaded \ce{WO3} & tungsten ethoxide & ethanol & nano particles & gas sensing & \cite{Samerjai2011} \\
Nb-ZnO & zinc naphthenate & toluene\slash methanol (70/30) vol.\% & & gas sensing & \cite{Kruefu_2011} \\
Nb-doped \ce{TiO2} & titanium isopropoxide & xylene\slash acetonitrile & nano powders & gas sensing & \cite{Phanichphant_2011} \\
\ce{TiO2} & titanium tetra isopropoxide & Xylene\slash acetonitrile & nano particles and films & gas sensing & \cite{Teleki_2006} \\
\ce{WO3} & ammonium tungsten hydrate & glycol\slash ethanol & nano particles & bio sensing & \cite{Wang_2008} \\
\ce{SnO2} & tin ethylhexanoate & xylene & nano powder & gas sensing & \cite{Liewhiran_2012} \\
Ru-\ce{SnO2} & tin ethylhexanoate & xylene & Nano powders\slash thick films & gas sensing & \cite{Liewhiran_2009} \\
Pt/ZnO & zinc naphthenate & xylene & Nano powder\slash thick films & gas sensing & \cite{Tamaekong2009} \\
Pt-loaded ZnO & zinc naphthenate & xylene & Nano particles\slash thick films  & gas sensing & \cite{Tamaekong_2011} \\
Pd-ZnO & zinc naphthenate & toluene\slash acetonitrile (80/20) vol.\% & nano particles\slash thick films & gas sensing & \cite{Liewhiran_2008} \\
Nb- and Cu-doped \ce{TiO2} & titanium tetra isopropoxide & xylene & nano particles & gas sensing & \cite{TELEKI_2008} \\
\ce{Bi2WO6} & bismuth nitrate pentahydrate, tungsten ethoxide & ethanol, acetic acid & nano particles & gas sensing & \cite{Punginsang_2019} \\
\ce{PdO_x}-doped \ce{In2O3} & indium nitrate hydrate, palladium acetylacetonate & ethanol & nano particles & gas sensing & \cite{Inyawilert_2019} \\
Pt-doped \ce{In2O3} & indium nitrate & ethanol & nano particles & gas sensing & \cite{Inyawilert_2016} \\
Pd-doped \ce{SnO2} & tin ethylhexanoate & xylene\slash acetonitrile (80/20) vol.\% & nano particles & gas sensing & \cite{Liewhiran_2013} \\
rGO-doped \ce{ZnO} & Au and Pd & de-ionized water & nano fibers & gas sensing & \cite{Abideen2018} \\
ZnO & zinc naphthenate & xylene & nano particles & photo detection & \cite{Nasiri2016} \\
\ce{SnO2} & tin chloride & ammonia solution & nano powder & gas sensing & \cite{Xu1991} \\
Pd-ZnO & zinc nephthanate and palladium acetylacetonate & toluene and acetonitrile & nano particles & gas sensing & \cite{Liewhiran2007} \\
\ce{SnO2} and \ce{ZnO} & tin oxide & nitric acid & nano powder & gas sensing & \cite{Yamazoe1983} \\
\ce{WO3} & ammonium metatungstate hydrate, polyvinylpyroolidone & dimethylformamide & nano fibers & gas sensing & \cite{Yang2021a} \\
\ce{TiO2} & titanium isopropoxide & ethanolamine & nano wires & gas sensing & \cite{Shooshtari2021} \\
Zn-doped \ce{Fe2O3} & zinc nitrate hexahydrate, iron nitrate nanohydrate & de-ionized water & nano particles & gas sensing & \cite{Kim2011} \\
graphene loaded \ce{SnO2} & graphene, tin chloride dihydrate, polyvinyl acetate & ethanol, dimethylformamide & nano fibers & gas sensing & \cite{Abideen2017} \\
\ce{Au}-\ce{ZnO} & \ce{HAuCl4} & Aqueous ammonia solution & nano wires & gas sensing & \cite{Wang2013} \\
\ce{SnO2} & tin chloride dihydrate & ethanol, dimethylformamide & nano fibers & gas sensing & \cite{Kim2016} \\
Ti-doped ZnO & zinc ethylhexanoate, titanium tetraisopropoxide & xylene & nano particles & bio sensing & \cite{Guntner2016} \\
Pt/\ce{SnO2} & tin ethylhexanoic acid, platinum acetylacetonate & toluene, & nano particles & gas sensing & \cite{Maedler2006} \\
NiO-ZnO & zinc nephthanate & xylene & nano particles & gas sensing & \cite{Chen2018} \\
Ag-doped \ce{TiO2} & titanium isopropoxide, silver nitrate & ethanol & nano particles & photo detection & \cite{Yildirim2021} \\
Au & \ce{HAuCl4} & ethanol & nano particles & photo detection & \cite{Thimsen2011} \\
\ce{MoO3} & Mo Solid rod & de-ionized water & nano particles & gas sensing & \cite{Shafieyan2019} \\
Au & \ce{HAuCl4} & ethanol & nano particles & photo detection & \cite{Fusco2019} \\
Au-\ce{TiO2} & \ce{HAuCl4}, titanium isopropoxide & ethanol, xylene & nano particles & photo detection & \cite{Fusco2018a} \\
AgO-\ce{TiO2} & titanium isopropoxide, silver acetate & acetonitrile, ethyl hexanoic acid & nanohybrids & bio sensing & \cite{Guntner2023} \\
graphene Cu & copper naphthenate & xylene & nano particles\slash films & bio sensing & \cite{DiBernardo2020} \\
Au & gold chloride trihydrate & ethanol & nano particles & bio sensing & \cite{Dastidar2022} \\
Ag-\ce{SiO2} & silver nitrate, hexamethyldisiloxane & ethanol & nano particles & bio sensing & \cite{Sotiriou2013} \\
CuO & copper nitrate & -- & nano particles & bio sensing & \cite{Yang2021} \\
Au & \ce{HAuCl4} & ethanol & nano islands & bio sensing & \cite{Mondal2023} \\
\ce{CaP}:\ce{Eu} & calcium acetate hydrate, europium nitrate, tributyl phosphate & propionic acid & nano particles & bio sensing & \cite{Merkl2021} \\
\ce{SiO2}-coated \ce{Y2O3}:\ce{Tb^{3+}} & yttrium nitrate, hexamethyl disiloxane & ethyl hexanoic acid, ethanol & nano particles & bio sensing and photo detection & \cite{Sotiriou2012} \\
enzyme minetic luminescent & cerium 2\nobreakdash-\hspace{0pt}ethylhexanoate, Eu-nitrate & methanol & nano particles & bio sensing & \cite{Pratsinis2017} \\
CuO-\ce{Cu2O} & copper nitrate trihydrate & ethanol & nano particles & photo detection & \cite{Zhu2017} \\
nano silver \ce{SiO2} coating & Ag-benzoate, hexamethyl disiloxane & ethylhexanoic acid, benzonitrile & nano particles & bio sensing & \cite{Sotiriou2010} \\
ZnO & zinc naphthenate & xylene & nano particles & photo detection & \cite{Fang2017} \\
ZnO, \ce{SiO2}, \ce{TiO2} & zinc naphthenate, hexamethyldisiloxane, titanium isopropoxide & xylene & nano particles & photo detection & \cite{Nasiri2016a} \\
ZnO & zinc naphthenate & xylene & nano particle film & photo detection & \cite{Nasiri2017} \\


\end{xltabular}

\end{document}

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