自定义符号 - 简化方式

Question 1

不完全是答案，但我可能会选择 Expl 口味的 Ti钾Z 解决方案使绘制箭头和定位不同部分变得更加容易。我还将使用逗号分隔列表（我将内部分隔符更改为冒号）：

\documentclass[tikz, border=10pt]{standalone}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{decorations.pathreplacing, fit}

\ExplSyntaxOn

% if the code does not compile try to uncomment the following line
% \cs_generate_variant:Nn \tl_set:Nn { Ne }
\cs_generate_variant:Nn \seq_set_split:Nnn { Nee }
\seq_new:N \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_deriv_parts_seq
\cs_new:Npn \vincentkrebs_coolsource_format #1 {
    \seq_set_split:Nee \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_deriv_parts_seq { \c_colon_str } { #1 }
    \tl_set:Ne \l_tmpa_tl { \seq_item:Nn \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_deriv_parts_seq { 1 } }
    \tl_set:Ne \l_tmpb_tl { \seq_item:Nn \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_deriv_parts_seq { 2 } } 
    \textit{\tl_use:N \l_tmpa_tl} \tl_if_empty:NF \l_tmpb_tl {\textup{\textsubscript{\textsc{\tl_use:N \l_tmpb_tl}}}}
}

\clist_new:N \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_derivs_clist
\clist_new:N \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_fitspec_clist
\NewDocumentCommand{\coolsource}{ o O{} m }{
    \clist_set:Nn \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_derivs_clist { #3 }
    \clist_clear:N \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_fitspec_clist
    \begin{tikzpicture}[baseline=(a)]
        \coordinate (a) at (0,0);
        \IfValueT{#1}{
            \node[anchor=south, #2] (A) at (a) { \vincentkrebs_coolsource_format { #1 } };
            \clist_push:Nn \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_fitspec_clist { (A) }
        }
        \coordinate (b) at (-1em,-0.6em);
        \coordinate (c) at (1em,-0.6em);
        \tl_set:Ne \l_tmpa_tl { \clist_item:Nn \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_derivs_clist { 1 } }
        \tl_set:Ne \l_tmpb_tl { \clist_item:Nn \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_derivs_clist { 2 } }
        \node[anchor=east] (B) at (b) { \vincentkrebs_coolsource_format { \tl_use:N \l_tmpa_tl } };
        \node[anchor=west] (C) at (c) { \vincentkrebs_coolsource_format { \tl_use:N \l_tmpb_tl } };
        \draw[<->] (b.west) -- (a.south) -- (c.east);
        \clist_push:Nn \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_fitspec_clist { (B), (C) }

        \int_compare:nNnT { \clist_count:N \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_derivs_clist } > { 2 } {
            \int_compare:nNnTF { \clist_count:N \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_derivs_clist } > { 3 } {
                \coordinate (d) at (0em,-1.2em);
                \coordinate (e) at (0em,-1.2em);
                \tl_set:Ne \l_tmpa_tl { \clist_item:Nn \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_derivs_clist { 3 } }
                \tl_set:Ne \l_tmpb_tl { \clist_item:Nn \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_derivs_clist { 4 } }
                \node[anchor=north ~ east] (D) at (d) { \vincentkrebs_coolsource_format { \tl_use:N \l_tmpa_tl } };
                \node[anchor=north ~ west] (E) at (e) { \vincentkrebs_coolsource_format { \tl_use:N \l_tmpb_tl } }; 
                \draw[->] (a.south) -- ([xshift=-0.5em]d.north);
                \draw[->] (a.south) -- ([xshift=0.5em]e.north);
                \clist_push:Nn \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_fitspec_clist { (D), (E) }
            } {
                \coordinate (d) at (0em,-1.2em);
                \tl_set:Ne \l_tmpa_tl { \clist_item:Nn \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_derivs_clist { 3 } }
                \node[anchor=north] (D) at (d) { \vincentkrebs_coolsource_format { \tl_use:N \l_tmpa_tl } };  
                \draw[->] (a.south) -- (d.north);
                \clist_push:Nn \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_fitspec_clist { (D) }
            }
        } 
        
        \node[fit={ \clist_use:Nn \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_fitspec_clist { } }] (frame) {};
        \draw[decorate, decoration={brace, mirror}] (frame.north ~ west) -- (frame.south ~ west);
        \draw[decorate, decoration={brace}] (frame.north ~ east) -- (frame.south ~ east);
    \end{tikzpicture}
}

\ExplSyntaxOff

\begin{document}

\coolsource{contracter:v,contraction:n}

\coolsource{contracter:v,contraction:n,contracture:n}

\coolsource[contraire:v]{contracter:v,contraction:n,contracture:n}

\coolsource[contraire:v]{contracter:v,contraction:n,contracture:n,contracteur:n}

\coolsource[contraire:v][draw, fill=blue!10, yshift=2pt]{contracter:v,contraction:n,contracture:n,contracteur:n}

\end{document}

使用不同的分隔符（这种变化允许您更轻松地更改分隔符，因为您只需在代码中更改它们即可）：

\documentclass[tikz, border=10pt]{standalone}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{decorations.pathreplacing, fit}

\ExplSyntaxOn

% if the code does not compile try to uncomment the following line
% \cs_generate_variant:Nn \tl_set:Nn { Ne }
\cs_generate_variant:Nn \seq_set_split:Nnn { Nee }
\seq_new:N \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_deriv_parts_seq
\cs_new:Npn \vincentkrebs_coolsource_format #1 {
    \seq_set_split:Nee \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_deriv_parts_seq { , } { #1 }
    \tl_set:Ne \l_tmpa_tl { \seq_item:Nn \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_deriv_parts_seq { 1 } }
    \tl_set:Ne \l_tmpb_tl { \seq_item:Nn \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_deriv_parts_seq { 2 } } 
    \textit{\tl_use:N \l_tmpa_tl} \tl_if_empty:NF \l_tmpb_tl {\textup{\textsubscript{\textsc{\tl_use:N \l_tmpb_tl}}}}
}

\seq_new:N \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_derivs_seq
\clist_new:N \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_fitspec_clist
\NewDocumentCommand{\coolsource}{ o O{} m }{
    \seq_set_split:Nnn \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_derivs_seq { ; } { #3 }
    \clist_clear:N \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_fitspec_clist
    \begin{tikzpicture}[baseline=(a), >=stealth]
        \coordinate (a) at (0,0);
        \IfValueT{#1}{
            \node[anchor=south, #2] (A) at (a) { \vincentkrebs_coolsource_format { #1 } };
            \clist_push:Nn \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_fitspec_clist { (A) }
        }
        \coordinate (b) at (-1em,-0.6em);
        \coordinate (c) at (1em,-0.6em);
        \tl_set:Ne \l_tmpa_tl { \seq_item:Nn \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_derivs_seq { 1 } }
        \tl_set:Ne \l_tmpb_tl { \seq_item:Nn \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_derivs_seq { 2 } }
        \node[anchor=east] (B) at (b) { \vincentkrebs_coolsource_format { \tl_use:N \l_tmpa_tl } };
        \node[anchor=west] (C) at (c) { \vincentkrebs_coolsource_format { \tl_use:N \l_tmpb_tl } };
        \draw[<->] (b.west) -- (a.south) -- (c.east);
        \clist_push:Nn \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_fitspec_clist { (B), (C) }

        \int_compare:nNnT { \seq_count:N \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_derivs_seq } > { 2 } {
            \int_compare:nNnTF { \seq_count:N \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_derivs_seq } > { 3 } {
                \coordinate (d) at (0em,-1.2em);
                \coordinate (e) at (0em,-1.2em);
                \tl_set:Ne \l_tmpa_tl { \seq_item:Nn \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_derivs_seq { 3 } }
                \tl_set:Ne \l_tmpb_tl { \seq_item:Nn \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_derivs_seq { 4 } }
                \node[anchor=north ~ east] (D) at (d) { \vincentkrebs_coolsource_format { \tl_use:N \l_tmpa_tl } };
                \node[anchor=north ~ west] (E) at (e) { \vincentkrebs_coolsource_format { \tl_use:N \l_tmpb_tl } }; 
                \draw[->] (a.south) -- ([xshift=-0.5em]d.north);
                \draw[->] (a.south) -- ([xshift=0.5em]e.north);
                \clist_push:Nn \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_fitspec_clist { (D), (E) }
            } {
                \coordinate (d) at (0em,-1.2em);
                \tl_set:Ne \l_tmpa_tl { \seq_item:Nn \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_derivs_seq { 3 } }
                \node[anchor=north] (D) at (d) { \vincentkrebs_coolsource_format { \tl_use:N \l_tmpa_tl } };  
                \draw[->] (a.south) -- (d.north);
                \clist_push:Nn \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_fitspec_clist { (D) }
            }
        } 
        
        \node[fit={ \clist_use:Nn \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_fitspec_clist { } }] (frame) {};
        \draw[decorate, decoration={brace, mirror}] (frame.north ~ west) -- (frame.south ~ west);
        \draw[decorate, decoration={brace}] (frame.north ~ east) -- (frame.south ~ east);
    \end{tikzpicture}
}

\ExplSyntaxOff

\begin{document}

\coolsource{contracter,v;contraction,n}

\coolsource{contracter,v;contraction,n;contracture,n}

\coolsource[contraire,v]{contracter,v;contraction,n;contracture,n}

\coolsource[contraire,v]{contracter,v;contraction,n;contracture,n;contracteur,n}

\coolsource[contraire,v][draw, fill=blue!10, yshift=2pt]{contracter,v;contraction,n;contracture,n;contracteur,n}

\end{document}

stealth输出与上面相同（除了我根据您的评论更改为不同的箭头）。

看来您已经有一些格式化命令了。\coolsource如果这能让您更轻松一些，您可以直接将其插入命令中：

\documentclass[tikz, border=10pt]{standalone}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{decorations.pathreplacing, fit}

\ExplSyntaxOn

% if the code does not compile try to uncomment the following line
% \cs_generate_variant:Nn \tl_set:Nn { Ne }
\clist_new:N \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_derivs_clist
\clist_new:N \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_fitspec_clist
\NewDocumentCommand{\coolsource}{ o O{} m }{
    \clist_set:Nn \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_derivs_clist { #3 }
    \clist_clear:N \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_fitspec_clist
    \begin{tikzpicture}[baseline=(a), >=stealth]
        \coordinate (a) at (0,0);
        \IfValueT{#1}{
            \node[anchor=south, #2] (A) at (a) { #1 };
            \clist_push:Nn \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_fitspec_clist { (A) }
        }
        \coordinate (b) at (-1em,-0.6em);
        \coordinate (c) at (1em,-0.6em);
        \tl_set:Ne \l_tmpa_tl { \clist_item:Nn \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_derivs_clist { 1 } }
        \tl_set:Ne \l_tmpb_tl { \clist_item:Nn \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_derivs_clist { 2 } }
        \node[anchor=east] (B) at (b) { \tl_use:N \l_tmpa_tl };
        \node[anchor=west] (C) at (c) { \tl_use:N \l_tmpb_tl };
        \draw[<->] (b.west) -- (a.south) -- (c.east);
        \clist_push:Nn \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_fitspec_clist { (B), (C) }

        \int_compare:nNnT { \clist_count:N \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_derivs_clist } > { 2 } {
            \int_compare:nNnTF { \clist_count:N \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_derivs_clist } > { 3 } {
                \coordinate (d) at (0em,-1.2em);
                \coordinate (e) at (0em,-1.2em);
                \tl_set:Ne \l_tmpa_tl { \clist_item:Nn \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_derivs_clist { 3 } }
                \tl_set:Ne \l_tmpb_tl { \clist_item:Nn \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_derivs_clist { 4 } }
                \node[anchor=north ~ east] (D) at (d) { \tl_use:N \l_tmpa_tl };
                \node[anchor=north ~ west] (E) at (e) { \tl_use:N \l_tmpb_tl }; 
                \draw[->] (a.south) -- ([xshift=-0.5em]d.north);
                \draw[->] (a.south) -- ([xshift=0.5em]e.north);
                \clist_push:Nn \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_fitspec_clist { (D), (E) }
            } {
                \coordinate (d) at (0em,-1.2em);
                \tl_set:Ne \l_tmpa_tl { \clist_item:Nn \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_derivs_clist { 3 } }
                \node[anchor=north] (D) at (d) { \tl_use:N \l_tmpa_tl };  
                \draw[->] (a.south) -- (d.north);
                \clist_push:Nn \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_fitspec_clist { (D) }
            }
        } 

        \node[fit={ \clist_use:Nn \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_fitspec_clist { } }] (frame) {};
        \draw[decorate, decoration={brace, mirror}] (frame.north ~ west) -- (frame.south ~ west);
        \draw[decorate, decoration={brace}] (frame.north ~ east) -- (frame.south ~ east);
    \end{tikzpicture}
}

\ExplSyntaxOff

\NewDocumentCommand{\lexAUX}{mm}{%
    \textit{#1}%
    \IfValueT{#2}{\textup{\textsubscript{\textsc{#2}}}}%
}

\begin{document}

\coolsource[\lexAUX{contraire}{v}]{\lexAUX{contracter}{v},\lexAUX{contraction}{n},\lexAUX{contracture}{n}}

\end{document}

但您也可以修改格式化命令，以便它采用一些语法，例如（prefix:word,category,translation,addendum其中prefix，，和是可选的）。我在这里使用了 Expl 和传统语法的组合，因为换行符在 Ti 中有特殊的定义categorytranslationaddeddum\\钾Z 似乎需要特别小心对待：

\documentclass[tikz, border=10pt]{standalone}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{decorations.pathreplacing, fit}

\newcommand{\tslt}[1]{`#1'}

\ExplSyntaxOn
\NewDocumentCommand{\IfEmptyF}{ m m }{
    \tl_if_empty:nF { #1 } { #2 }
}
\ExplSyntaxOff

\NewDocumentCommand{\formatnode}{ m m m m m }{%
    \IfEmptyF{#1}{#1 {}}%
    \IfEmptyF{#2}{\textit{#2}\nocorr}%
    \IfEmptyF{#3}{\textsubscript{\textup{\textsc{#3}}}}%
    \IfEmptyF{#4}{\\\tslt{#4}}%
    \IfEmptyF{#5}{ #5}%
}

\ExplSyntaxOn

% if the code does not compile try to uncomment the following line
% \cs_generate_variant:Nn \tl_set:Nn { Ne }
\cs_generate_variant:Nn \seq_set_split:Nnn { Nee }
\exp_args_generate:n { eeeee }
\cs_new:Npn \vincentkrebs_coolsource_format #1 {
    \seq_set_split:Nee \l_tmpa_seq { , } { #1 }
    \seq_set_split:Nee \l_tmpb_seq { \c_colon_str } { \seq_item:Nn \l_tmpa_seq { 1 } }
    \int_compare:nNnTF { \seq_count:N \l_tmpb_seq } > { 1 } {
        \tl_set:Nn \l_tmpa_tl { \seq_item:Nn \l_tmpb_seq { 1 } }
        \tl_set:Nn \l_tmpb_tl { \seq_item:Nn \l_tmpb_seq { 2 } }
    } {
        \tl_set:Nn \l_tmpa_tl {  }
        \tl_set:Nn \l_tmpb_tl { \seq_item:Nn \l_tmpb_seq { 1 } }
    }
    \exp_args:Neeeee \formatnode{ \l_tmpa_tl }{ \l_tmpb_tl }{
        \seq_item:Nn \l_tmpa_seq { 2 } 
    }{
        \seq_item:Nn \l_tmpa_seq { 3 } 
    }{
        \seq_item:Nn \l_tmpa_seq { 4 } 
    }
}

\seq_new:N \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_derivs_seq
\clist_new:N \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_fitspec_clist
\seq_new:N \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_deriv_parts_seq
\NewDocumentCommand{\coolsource}{ o O{} m }{
    \seq_set_split:Nnn \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_derivs_seq { ; } { #3 }
    \clist_clear:N \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_fitspec_clist
    \begin{tikzpicture}[baseline=(a), >=stealth, every ~ node/.append ~ style={align=center}]
        \coordinate (a) at (0,0);
        \IfValueT{#1}{
            \node[anchor=south, #2] (A) at (a) { \vincentkrebs_coolsource_format { #1 } };
            \clist_push:Nn \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_fitspec_clist { (A) }
        }
        \coordinate (b) at (-1em,-0.6em);
        \coordinate (c) at (1em,-0.6em);
        \tl_set:Ne \l_tmpa_tl { \seq_item:Nn \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_derivs_seq { 1 } }
        \tl_set:Ne \l_tmpb_tl { \seq_item:Nn \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_derivs_seq { 2 } }
        \node[anchor=north ~ east, yshift=0.8em] (B) at (b) { \vincentkrebs_coolsource_format { \tl_use:N \l_tmpa_tl } };
        \node[anchor=north ~ west, yshift=0.8em] (C) at (c) { \vincentkrebs_coolsource_format { \tl_use:N \l_tmpb_tl } };
        \draw[<->] (b.west) -- (a.south) -- (c.east);
        \clist_push:Nn \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_fitspec_clist { (B), (C) }

        \int_compare:nNnT { \seq_count:N \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_derivs_seq } > { 2 } {
            \int_compare:nNnTF { \seq_count:N \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_derivs_seq } > { 3 } {
                \coordinate (d) at (0em,-1.2em);
                \coordinate (e) at (0em,-1.2em);
                \tl_set:Ne \l_tmpa_tl { \seq_item:Nn \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_derivs_seq { 3 } }
                \tl_set:Ne \l_tmpb_tl { \seq_item:Nn \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_derivs_seq { 4 } }
                \node[anchor=north ~ east] (D) at (d) { \vincentkrebs_coolsource_format { \tl_use:N \l_tmpa_tl } };
                \node[anchor=north ~ west] (E) at (e) { \vincentkrebs_coolsource_format { \tl_use:N \l_tmpb_tl } }; 
                \draw[->] (a.south) -- ([xshift=-0.5em]d.north);
                \draw[->] (a.south) -- ([xshift=0.5em]e.north);
                \clist_push:Nn \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_fitspec_clist { (D), (E) }
            } {
                \coordinate (d) at (0em,-1.2em);
                \tl_set:Ne \l_tmpa_tl { \seq_item:Nn \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_derivs_seq { 3 } }
                \node[anchor=north] (D) at (d) { \vincentkrebs_coolsource_format { \tl_use:N \l_tmpa_tl } };  
                \draw[->] (a.south) -- (d.north);
                \clist_push:Nn \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_fitspec_clist { (D) }
            }
        } 
        
        \node[fit={ \clist_use:Nn \l_vincentkrebs_coolsource_fitspec_clist { } }] (frame) {};
        \draw[decorate, decoration={brace, mirror}] (frame.north ~ west) -- (frame.south ~ west);
        \draw[decorate, decoration={brace}] (frame.north ~ east) -- (frame.south ~ east);
    \end{tikzpicture}
}

\ExplSyntaxOff

\begin{document}

\coolsource[pre:contraire,v,foo,bar]{pre:contracter,v;contraction,n,foo;contracture,n,foo,bar}

\end{document}

如果您想在节点的第二行放置更多文本，可能需要以不同的方式对齐内容。

Answer