~/.profile 或 ~/.bashrc 或 ~/.pam_environment 为用户和 root 定义 PATH 变量

2024-6-6 • tag-icon

我应该编辑其中的哪一个文件来为我的普通用户和 root 定义 PATH 变量？

我已经以普通用户和 root 身份添加了它，但出现了如下所示的错误。

我在一个 Ubuntu 环境站点上看到现在可以使用 pam_environment。但是如何使用它来添加 ns 2.35 和 OMNET++ 的路径？我已经编辑了其中的一些，但不起作用。

我应该使用

gedit ~/.profile

或者

gedit ~/.bashrc

或者

gedit ~/.pam_environment

当我尝试使用它们添加我的 ns 和 OMNET 的路径时，我似乎弄乱了其中的一些。这两个程序一周前都在运行，但现在出现了这个错误。我需要使用其中任何一个，我的 ns 2.35 出现了这个错误：

The program 'ns' is currently not installed.  You can install it by typing:
sudo apt-get install ns2

Omnettpp 也出现同样的错误。

echo $PATH运行后sudo su给出：

/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games:/usr/sbin:/root/johna/omnetpp-4.2.2/bin:/root/johna/ns-allinone-2.35/bin:/root/johna/ns-allinone-2.35/tcl8.5.10/unix:/root/johna/ns-allinone-2.35/tk8.5.10/unix:/root/johna/omnetpp-4.2.2/bin:/root/johna/ns-allinone-2.35/bin:/root/johna/ns-allinone-2.35/tcl8.5.10/unix:/root/johna/ns-allinone-2.35/tk8.5.10/unix:/root/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games:/usr/sbin:/root/johna/omnetpp-4.2.2/bin:/root/johna/ns-allinone-2.35/bin:/root/johna/ns-allinone-2.35/tcl8.5.10/unix:/root/johna/ns-allinone-2.35/tk8.5.10/unix:/root/johna/omnetpp-4.2.2/bin:/root/johna/ns-allinone-2.35/bin:/root/johna/ns-allinone-2.35/tcl8.5.10/unix:/root/johna/ns-allinone-2.35/tk8.5.10/unix:/root/johna/omnetpp-4.2.2/bin:/root/johna/ns-allinone-2.35/bin:/root/johna/ns-allinone-2.35/tcl8.5.10/unix:/root/johna/ns-allinone-2.35/tk8.5.10/unix

根据评论的要求输出：

root@MQMK-Lenovo-G555:/home/johna# gedit ~/.bashrc
# ~/.bashrc: executed by bash(1) for non-login shells.
# see /usr/share/doc/bash/examples/startup-files (in the package bash-doc)
# for examples

# If not running interactively, don't do anything
[ -z "$PS1" ] && return

# don't put duplicate lines in the history. See bash(1) for more options
# ... or force ignoredups and ignorespace
HISTCONTROL=ignoredups:ignorespace

# append to the history file, don't overwrite it
shopt -s histappend

# for setting history length see HISTSIZE and HISTFILESIZE in bash(1)
HISTSIZE=1000
HISTFILESIZE=2000

# check the window size after each command and, if necessary,
# update the values of LINES and COLUMNS.
shopt -s checkwinsize

# make less more friendly for non-text input files, see lesspipe(1)
[ -x /usr/bin/lesspipe ] && eval "$(SHELL=/bin/sh lesspipe)"

# set variable identifying the chroot you work in (used in the prompt below)
if [ -z "$debian_chroot" ] && [ -r /etc/debian_chroot ]; then
    debian_chroot=$(cat /etc/debian_chroot)
fi

# set a fancy prompt (non-color, unless we know we "want" color)
case "$TERM" in
    xterm-color) color_prompt=yes;;
esac

# uncomment for a colored prompt, if the terminal has the capability; turned
# off by default to not distract the user: the focus in a terminal window
# should be on the output of commands, not on the prompt
#force_color_prompt=yes

if [ -n "$force_color_prompt" ]; then
    if [ -x /usr/bin/tput ] && tput setaf 1 >&/dev/null; then
    # We have color support; assume it's compliant with Ecma-48
    # (ISO/IEC-6429). (Lack of such support is extremely rare, and such
    # a case would tend to support setf rather than setaf.)
    color_prompt=yes
    else
    color_prompt=
    fi
fi

if [ "$color_prompt" = yes ]; then
    PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\[\033[01;32m\]\u@\h\[\033[00m\]:\[\033[01;34m\]\w\[\033[00m\]\$ '
else
    PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\u@\h:\w\$ '
fi
unset color_prompt force_color_prompt

# If this is an xterm set the title to user@host:dir
case "$TERM" in
xterm*|rxvt*)
    PS1="\[\e]0;${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\u@\h: \w\a\]$PS1"
    ;;
*)
    ;;
esac

# enable color support of ls and also add handy aliases
if [ -x /usr/bin/dircolors ]; then
    test -r ~/.dircolors && eval "$(dircolors -b ~/.dircolors)" || eval "$(dircolors -b)"
    alias ls='ls --color=auto'
    #alias dir='dir --color=auto'
    #alias vdir='vdir --color=auto'

    alias grep='grep --color=auto'
    alias fgrep='fgrep --color=auto'
    alias egrep='egrep --color=auto'
fi

# some more ls aliases
alias ll='ls -alF'
alias la='ls -A'
alias l='ls -CF'

# Alias definitions.
# You may want to put all your additions into a separate file like
# ~/.bash_aliases, instead of adding them here directly.
# See /usr/share/doc/bash-doc/examples in the bash-doc package.

if [ -f ~/.bash_aliases ]; then
    . ~/.bash_aliases
fi

# enable programmable completion features (you don't need to enable
# this, if it's already enabled in /etc/bash.bashrc and /etc/profile
# sources /etc/bash.bashrc).
if [ -f /etc/bash_completion ] && ! shopt -oq posix; then
    . /etc/bash_completion
fi

export PATH=$PATH:$HOME/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games:/usr/sbin:/root/johna/omnetpp-4.2.2/bin:/root/johna/ns-allinone-2.35/bin:/root/johna/ns-allinone-2.35/tcl8.5.10/unix:/root/johna/ns-allinone-2.35/tk8.5.10/unix:/root/johna/omnetpp-4.2.2/bin:/root/johna/ns-allinone-2.35/bin:/root/johna/ns-allinone-2.35/tcl8.5.10/unix:/root/johna/ns-allinone-2.35/tk8.5.10/unix

export PATH=$PATH:$HOME/johna/omnetpp-4.2.2/bin
export TCL_LIBRARY=/usr/share/tcltk/tcl8.5
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:/home/johna/omnetpp-4.2.2/lib
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/home/johna/omnetpp-4.2.2/lib

export PATH=$PATH:$HOME/johna/ns-allinone-2.35/bin
export PATH=$PATH:$HOME/johna/ns-allinone-2.35/tcl8.5.10/unix
export PATH=$PATH:$HOME/johna/ns-allinone-2.35/tk8.5.10/unix
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/home/johna/ns-allinone-2.35/lib
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/home/johna/ns-allinone-2.35/otcl-1.14
export TCL_LIBRARY=/home/johna/ns-allinone-2.35/tcl8.5.10/library

答案1

这取决于你想达到什么目的。

profile文件在您登录 shell 时执行（例如，当您登录 tty1 或通过 SSH 时），而bashrc文件仅在启动交互式 shell（例如，打开一个新终端）时执行，并且仅由 bash（默认 shell）读取。

因此，如果您要在本地和交互式终端（“终端”应用程序）中使用这些应用程序，则可以在 bashrc 中设置 $PATH。

还请注意，.bashrc/.profile仅由当前用户使用。因此，如果您使用，sudo您将获得正确的行为，但如果您使用其他用户，则 PATH 不会被修改：

➜  sudo -i
[sudo] password for <username>: 
root@Salem:~# echo $PATH
/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin

如果您希望在系统范围内添加该内容（在每个用户的 PATH 中），则要编辑的正确文件应该是/etc/profile和/etc/bash.bashrc。

希望能帮助到你。

答案1

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